In Zorba the Greek, a novel written by Nikos Kazantzakis and published in 1946, I believe there are three significant themes: existentialism, morality, and happiness. The most important of these, in my opinion, is existentialism.
Existentialism
Existentialism is the theory that man is free and in charge of his own development. The thirty-five-year-old narrator, Boss, is an intellectual and a Buddhist. His companion, Zorba, however, is a sixty-year-old uneducated hedonist. Throughout the novel, they are involved in an almost constant conversation—including what it means to exist in a world where we will all die. This theory of existentialism is examined through their discussions, their opposing characters, and their opposing views.
Morality
The narrator and Zorba also have different ideas about morality. While the narrator, a religious man, believes that morality and religion come hand-in-hand, the hedonistic Zorba believes he can do as he pleases.
Happiness
The educated, religious narrator...
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is in a constant struggle as he tries to find happiness, whereas Zorba, who is poor and uneducated, is constantly happy. Kazantzakis highlights that it is the narrator's introspection, his over-thinking, his self-consciousness, and his reliance on his faith that makes him unhappy, whilst Zorba, who looks for answers from the world around him, is happy.
Zorba the Greek explores where and how to find meaning in life in a world where we are all fated to die. The novel questions how it is we should live, knowing we will all end up in the grave.
The intellectual narrator, the thirty-five-year-old Boss, goes to reopen a mine he owns in Crete and to understand more directly the life of the common, working-class person (though he takes his Dante with him and continues to view life through an intellectual prism). He falls in with Zorba the Greek, in many ways his opposite, an older man who lives pragmatically and largely unthinkingly in the world. Zorba is of a lower class than the narrator, has worked with his hands and been all over, and the narrator hires him as foreman for the mine. Zorba is hardworking and absorbed in living with gusto in the moment, while the narrator tries to attain a Buddhist detachment.
Thus, Zorba is a hedonist, very different from the Boss. He says to the Boss, “To live—Do you know what that means? To undo your belt and look for trouble!”
As he ages and grows older to death, Zorba throws himself ever more fully into living. Unlike the Boss, he does not look for answers in religion or God, but in this world.