Colonial Exploration and Expansion
Rather than being set in a single historical context, The Witch of Blackbird Pond might be better considered in light of several overlapping historical contexts, all of which would have shaped the world and characters of the novel in different ways. The first of these is that of colonial exploration and expansion. The Witch of Blackbird Pond opens in 1687 and is set in Connecticut Colony. This is less than 60 years after the famous landing of the Mayflower in 1620 and roughly 50 years since the River Colony was founded in 1636. The River Colony combined with two other colonies, Saybrook Colony (founded 1644) and New Haven Colony (founded 1662) to become Connecticut Colony. These factors combine to mean that older characters such as Hannah Tupper may well remember the origins of their community. The multiple origins of the colony also meant that though the colony is relatively new and relatively homogeneous in ethnicity and religion, it has known political change and historical diversity; these period farmers and craftsmen are politically savvy in many ways.

Protestant Reformation
However, these northern colonies most often referred to in the novel (Massachusetts and Connecticut) were not just new political entities. They were very deeply devoted to living religious lives and as such should be viewed as one of several ongoing expressions of the Protestant Reformation. While popular unrest regarding the abuses within the Catholic church had existed for decades earlier, the traditional starting date for the Reformation is Martin Luther's dramatic nailing of his 95 theses to the church door in 1517. This started a wave of what was intended to be reform internal to the church and meant to bring decadent existing practices into line with the ideals articulated in the Bible. When this proved impossible, new religious denominations formed: Lutherans, Anabaptists, Presbyterians, and Anglicans all branched off, each making its own interpretation of the Bible and developing worship practices and codes of conduct based on those interpretations.

Puritanism
The Puritans who founded Connecticut had themselves rebelled against the Anglican church in the late sixteenth century. At first they were “merely” dissenters against England’s official church and were “merely” persecuted and denied access to various professions requiring religious conformity. However, after decades of effort, many Puritans finally decided the Anglican church was beyond reform. Various groups started emigrating in search of a place where they could worship more freely—and, it should be added, more rigorously, for the Puritans sought, as their name indicates, a pure life according to pure faith.

However, since their faith led them first to criticize, and then to separate from, the Church of England, this meant their spiritual goals had very real political implications. The Puritan movement occurred during a period when England was facing very real challenges due to religious clashes and dissent, and when Anglicanism seemed under assault from many sides. In 1588, the English defeated the (Catholic) Spanish Armada, and in 1606 Parliament established an Oath of Allegiance. James I, who was king during the establishment of Connecticut Colony, was relatively lenient toward Puritans, but his son Charles I took the throne in 1625, and Charles was a very different monarch. Charles, who married a Catholic, was a believer in the absolute right of kings and regularly interfered with the religious practices and established rights of British subjects. This eventually led to a civil war and the execution of Charles.

The monarchy was reestablished in 1660, but by this time, the Puritans had lost any real trust in the crown. They had been accepted and rejected, given rights and had them denied, and so on. What’s more, the very makeup of Connecticut Colony would give them reason to distrust Charles II. One of the judges who had condemned Charles I to death had taken refuge in New Haven Colony, which as a result had lost its charter and been combined into Connecticut. The concerns Matthew Wood voices about the king infringing on the charter, then, have a very real basis in experience and human emotion: it had happened before, and the king had reason to bear a grudge. Given the dedication to Biblical origins and the persecutions they suffered, it is also not surprising that the Puritans considered themselves akin to the Israelites: similarly isolated and similarly charged with living as a godly people.

Economics
Economically, Connecticut Colony occupies a complex place. Given its isolation from the manufacturing centers of England, colonists necessarily made most of their own goods. Many of the Puritan founders of the colony, however, came from the nobility and so were used to fine goods. What’s more, the very laws that forbade Puritan involvement in many professions clustered them in others: many Puritans became wealthy as traders. This kept them tied into the transatlantic trading network of the British colonies; it is what allowed Kit Tyler to sail there from the West Indies, and it allowed William Ashby to order fine windows from England for his new house. Moreover, the Puritans strongly emphasized learning (albeit within narrow bounds). This led them to establish universities early—Yale was founded in 1701—and produce a flow of scholarship back and forth across the Atlantic.

The Metaphysical
Finally, the metaphysical context of Connecticut Colony needs at least a brief discussion because of the centrality of witchcraft accusations in the novel. The famous Salem Witch Trials did indeed happen, and just a few years after this novel ends (in 1692), but for all that they loom large in The Witch of Blackbird Pond and the American popular mind, comparatively few witches were tried in the colonies compared to England or Europe as a whole. England had outlawed witchcraft in the 1640s, and James I had even written a tract entitled Daemonologie, arguing that witches were a very real threat. The relatively mild hysteria described in Speare’s novel, and the ease with which it is dispelled, shows that the colony is at the relative leading edge of moving into a more secular worldview.

An audiobook version of The Witch of Blackbird Pond was issued in 2003 by Listening Library/Random House. Mary Beth Hurt reads the novel, and the adaptation takes 6.5 hours.

The story begins in April 1687 and continues through the following spring. Wethersfield, where most of the action takes place, is situated several miles south of Hartford, Connecticut, near the Connecticut River. This period coincides with the historical witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts.

The opening chapter highlights the stark cultural differences between the warm, friendly island life of Barbados and the stern Puritan society of Connecticut. In 1486 The Witch of Blackbird Pond, religion dictates everything from social gatherings to courtship. Kit constantly encounters reminders of Puritan New England's harshness, such as "a pillory, a whipping post and stocks." She must abandon her vibrant dresses from Barbados in favor of the dull attire typical of Wethersfield. Previously, she swam in the warm Caribbean waters; now, swimming in New England is viewed with suspicion, and the waters are as cold as the society. Kit learns that young people in Puritan society are expected to be seen but not heard, operating on the belief that punishments are meted out in this world while rewards await in the next. The New England setting starkly contrasts with Kit's former life, immediately introducing conflict into the narrative.

One of Speare's remarkable talents as a writer is her knack for creating a vivid sense of place. In The Witch of Blackbird Pond, the contrast between Barbados and New England underscores the unique qualities of the Connecticut setting. Speare establishes this contrast in the novel's opening chapter: "The bleak line of shore surrounding the gray harbor was a disheartening contrast to the shimmering green and white that fringed the turquoise bay of Barbados..." Throughout the story, Speare uses muted colors, particularly gray and black, to depict Kit's new home, while she describes Barbados with vibrant imagery.

The types of books cherished by the inhabitants of each location further emphasize the differences between Barbados and New England. In Barbados, Kit was encouraged to read imaginative works of poetry and drama, including pieces by William Shakespeare, Thomas Otway, and John Dryden. In contrast, the residents of Wethersfield avoid purely imaginative writing and focus on books that establish moral codes, such as the Bible and John Bunyan's allegory Pilgrim's Progress. The Accidence is also esteemed in Wethersfield for its grammatical rules. Speare uses these differences in literary preferences to highlight the social values of the two places.

Wethersfield and Barbados symbolize the two facets of Kit's personality. At the novel's start, she embodies the love of beauty and imagination that Barbados represents, but lacks the work ethic and sense of individual accomplishment that Wethersfield embodies. By the novel's conclusion, she has cultivated both aspects of her personality, achieving maturity and becoming a well-rounded young adult.

There is little in The Witch of Blackbird Pond that might offend readers. However, one reviewer has criticized the novel's ending, where it is implied that Nat and Kit will marry, labeling this conclusion a "sexist compromise." Speare, though, is depicting an era where even the most independent young women had very limited choices. Suggesting a different future for Kit would undermine the novel's historical accuracy. Additionally, Speare subtly critiques the treatment of women in seventeenth-century New England by illustrating how accusations of witchcraft were used to suppress independent women, who were seen as threats. The compassionate Hannah Tupper faces persecution not only for her independence but also because of her Quaker beliefs. In this way, Speare's novel also condemns intolerance towards religious differences.

Buskin, Barbara H., and Karen H. Harris. Notes from a Different Drummer: A Guide to Juvenile Fiction Portraying the Handicapped. New York: Bowker, 1977. Provides a brief discussion on the character of Mercy and her disability.

Commire, Anne, ed. Something about the Author. Vol. 5. Detroit: Gale Research, 1973. Features a concise biography of Speare followed by her personal comments on her work.

Cosgrave, Mary Silvia. "Elizabeth George Speare—Newbery Award Winner." Library Journal 84 (April 15, 1959): 1291-1292. Contains brief biographical details and critical analysis.

"A Feminist Look at Children's Books." Library Journal Supplement 17 (January 1971): 19-24. Argues that the novel is a "cop out" due to a "sexist compromise" presented by the marriage between Kit and Nat at the novel's conclusion.

Kingman, Lee, ed. Newbery and Caldecott Medal Books, 1956-1965. Boston: Horn Book, 1965. Includes Speare's Newbery Medal acceptance speech for The Witch of Blackbird Pond and biographical notes by Helen Reeder Cross. 1490 The Witch of Blackbird Pond

Kirkpatrick, D. L., ed. Twentieth-Century Children's Writers. 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin's, 1983. Contains a bibliography of Speare's works along with brief critical commentary.
Peterson, Linda Kauffman, and Marilyn Leathers Solt. Newbery and Caldecott Medal and Honor Books: An Annotated Bibliography. Boston: Hall, 1982. Provides a brief plot summary and some critical insights.

Senick, Gerald, ed. Children's Literature Review. Vol 8. Detroit: Gale Research, 1985. Features excerpts from reviews of Speare's books, including The Witch of Blackbird Pond.

Sources
Apseloff, Marilyn Fain. 1991. Elizabeth George Speare. Twayne’s United States Authors Series 541. New York: Maxwell Macmillan International.

Bartlett, Robert M. 1978. The faith of the Pilgrims: An American heritage. New York: United Church Press.

Beetz, Kirk H. 1990. Beacham’s guide to literature for young adults. Vol. 3. Washington, DC: Beacham Publishing.

Codgill, Oline H. 2003. Showtime. South Florida Sun-Sentinel, January 17, 35.

Langdon, William Chauncy. 1937. Everyday things in American life, 1607-1776. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Polk, William R. 2006. The birth of America: From before Columbus to the revolution. New York: HarperCollins.

Schwebel, Sara L. 2003. Historical fiction and the classroom: Elizabeth George Speare’s The witch of blackbird pond. Children’s Literature in Education 34(3): 195-218.

Sullivan, Robert. 1994. Elizabeth G. Speare, 84, author of children’s historical novels. New York Times, November 16, D24.

Speare, Elizabeth George. 1958. The witch of blackbird pond. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Further Reading
Cheatham, Bertha M., and Cohen, Andrew. 1989. Speare given Wilder Medal. School Library Journal 35(6): 13-14. This article reflects on Elizabeth George Speare’s body of work on the occasion of her receiving a major award. Anita Silver, editor of the Hornbook, comments on how Speare’s work was marked by historical accuracy and a feeling for both setting and character.

McElmeel, Sharron L. 1999. 100 most popular children’s authors: Biographical sketches and bibliographies. Portsmouth, NH: Libraries Unlimited. This reference work gives a brief overview of Speare’s life and career.

Nesti, Robert. 2002. Theater review: Roots of prejudice explored at Wheelock’s “Blackbird Pond.” Boston Herald, November 20, 59. This review discusses a contemporary stage adaptation of the novel.

Thuente, Mary-Helen. 1985. Beyond historical fiction: Speare’s The witch of blackbird pond. English Journal 74(6): 50-55. Thuente argues that the novel succeeds so well because of Speare’s skill in blending realistic fiction with the symbolic structures of the folktale.

Weir, William. 2002. Stirring up lively debate: Witchcraft? Some want books removed from school system. Hartford Courant, August 27, B3. This brief article summarizes a recent debate over attempts to remove The Witch of Blackbird Pond from school reading lists because it promotes witchcraft. Interested readers will be able to find a series of letters to the editor following up on this original article.

Weisman, Kay. 2006. 15 historical classics. Booklinks, July, 59-61. This brief article discusses The Witch of Blackbird Pond as one of a number of classic historical novels for young adult readers.