The Guyana Enigma
In a 1975 review of Wilson Harris's novel Companions of the Day and Night, the Financial Times critic, while noting that it “reads like a poem rather than a novel,” concluded his otherwise favourable notice with the following sentence: “It seems to me to be outstanding in fiction in the past 25 years: Asturias obtained the Nobel Prize for writing just such strange works. Harris is in such a class.” The comparison with the late Miguel Ángel Asturias is an interesting one, for, like Wilson Harris, the Guatemalan novelist and poet was understood to be a “difficult” writer. However, in the Spanish-speaking tradition, Asturias has many peers: Gabriel García Márquez in Colombia and Alejo Carpentier in Cuba, to name but two. On the other hand, Harris, the author of twenty-one novels from Palace of the Peacock (1960) to Jonestown (1996), stands more or less alone in the anglophone tradition. His reputation is high, particularly inside the academy, but there appears to be nobody else writing in English who possesses his imaginative sensibility. He is, paradoxically, admired and ignored; respected and undervalued. In short, Wilson Harris remains an enigma.
Selected Essays is made up from four previous collections: History, Fable and Myth in the Caribbean and the Guianas (1970), Explorations: A Selection of Talks and Articles, 1966–1981 (1981), The Womb of Space: The Cross-Cultural Imagination (1983) and The Radical Imagination: Lectures and Talks (1992). The editor of the present volume, A. J. M. Bundy, has divided the twenty-one selected essays into four different groupings, each of which aims to shed light on a particular aspect of the evolution of Harris as both a novelist and a thinker.
Part One, “The Archetypal Fiction,” broadly surveys the autobiographical and thematic territory of Harris. The editor has cleverly placed a 1996 BBC Radio lecture, “The Muse of Living Landscapes,” at the head of the section. In his lecture, Harris makes clear his preference for viewing the world through an anthropomorphic, as opposed to a deterministic, prism.
It seems to me that, for a long time, landscapes and riverscapes have been perceived as passive, as furniture, as areas to be manipulated; whereas, I sensed over the years, as a surveyor, that the landscape possessed resonance.
The landscape possessed a life, because, the landscape, for me, is like an open book, and the alphabet with which one worked was all around me.
But it takes some time to really grasp what this alphabet is, and what the book of the living landscapes is.
Harris's fictional oeuvre has been built on a deeply held belief in the existence of a complex relationship between nature and man. Furthermore, the cross-cultural content of his work has been informed by his understanding of himself and his relationship to the land of his birth, Guyana. His country is known as the “Land of Six Peoples,” the “peoples” being the English, Portuguese, African, Hindu Indian, Chinese and Amerindian. Contained within the last named group there are numerous tribes such as the Arawak, Atorai, Wapishana, Chiquena and Caribe, all of whom have their own languages and traditions. Out of this “exotic” material, Harris has not only produced a body of literature, but developed a system of philosophical and literary thought. The subtitle of the present volume, The Unfinished Genesis of the Imagination, offers a succinct summary of the philosophical preoccupations of Harris's mind: “Expeditions into cross-culturality; into the labyrinths of the family of mankind, creation and creature; into space, psyche and time.” Part Two, “Cross-cultural Community and the...
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Womb of Space,” contains six essays which explore the American literary imagination, focusing on Harris's belief that the conventional novel is incapable of revealing the true extent of the subconscious imagination. Looking to writers as diverse as Melville, Faulkner and Ellison, Harris is not only at his most provocative in this section, but he is also at his most convincing. His observations of the various authors' narrative “failures” are accompanied by scrupulously detailed exempla. Harris is sure that
the cross-cultural picture of ourselves could have been predicted from the discontinuities that exist in the classical novel. We noted that writers of imaginative capacity were unsighted—unaware of the synchronicities with alien cultures their own narratives sought to consume—or that such writers saw but simply refused to countenance the fact that the complacent frames embodied in the traditional novel were undone by their own conceptions of fiction.
In Part Three, “The Root of Epic,” Harris celebrates the visual artist Aubrey Williams for attempting to integrate the sensibility of the Amerindian into his work with his particularly adept use of colour. However, Harris is less generous with his literary contemporary, George Lamming, whose “public voice” he regards as springing “from a verbal sophistication rather than a visual, plastic and conceptual imagery.” Harris demands of Caribbean artists that they look deep inside themselves in order that they may produce something uniquely suited to what Harris understands to be the restless, non-Western, imaginative consciousness of the region.
Part Four, “Unfinished Genesis,” reflects on the wealth of resources available for the artist to draw upon. Harris himself looks to Mayan mythology, among other systems of thought, insisting that the only way to break the stranglehold of conventional modes of narrative linearity is to open one's mind to alternative “variables within the language of the Imagination,” and submit to what he terms a “ventriloquism of spirit.” Harris is sure that conventional forms of narration not only will fail to recognize, but are also ill-equipped to transmit, a New World sensibility. However, he does recognize that there are some in the American world who have achieved a synthesis of imagination and form and created something “new,” chief among them being Faulkner.
Somewhat surprisingly, Harris does not mention the Martinican writer and theorist, Edouard Glissant, who during the course of the past forty years has developed what he terms a “Poetics of Relation,” which argues for a New World aesthetic that is similar to Harris's own. He does, however, mention the Cuban writer, Antonio Benítez-Rojo, and others of a similar mindset, who provide him with some company, albeit outside of the framework of the English novel, and across the inconvenient boundary of language. But, if we can view Harris and his work in this transnational, multilinguistic, light, then his writings and themes not only make “sense,” they elevate this author to a position of global centrality. It was precisely this point that the Financial Times reviewer was trying to make some twenty-five years ago.
Andrew Bundy has done Harris a great service illuminating, and in many cases explicating, Harris's often oblique fictions by offering the reader this judicious selection of Harris's nonfiction. It is worth mentioning that it is “Linton” and not “Lynton” Kwesi Johnson, and Winsome Pinnock, not “Pollock”; these, and a few similar editorial blunders of a minor nature, ought to be corrected in future editions. This said, Bundy joins the formidable Belgian critic, Hena Maes-Jelinek, as a champion of a complex and difficult author, presenting him in a manner which will undoubtedly encourage readers to return to his fiction, this time armed with Harris's own words to help to decode the often mystifying twists and turns of this most original of literary minds.
Anagogic Symbolism in Wilson Harris's Palace of the Peacock
Review of Selected Essays of Wilson Harris