illustration of a young girl, Connie, reflected in the sunglasses of a man, Arnold Friend

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?

by Joyce Carol Oates

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Themes: The Embodiment of Evil

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At the very least, Arnold Friend is Connie’s abductor. Yet there are many clues throughout the story that Arnold Friend is something beyond human. Although Connie notes that she never shares her name with him, he already knows it. He also knows her sister’s name and that of many of her friends. But what makes Arnold Friend seem most otherworldly is his knowledge of what Connie’s family is doing at the very moment when he arrives to abduct her:

“Right now they're uh—they're drinking. Sitting around," he said vaguely, squinting as if he were staring all the way to town and over to Aunt Tillie's back yard. Then the vision seemed to get clear and he nodded energetically. "Yeah. Sitting around. There's your sister in a blue dress, huh? And high heels, the poor sad bitch—nothing like you, sweetheart! And your mother's helping some fat woman with the corn, they're cleaning the corn—husking the corn—"

Arnold Friend is certain that Connie’s father will not arrive to rescue her. As his actions grow increasingly sinister, Connie invokes the name of Christ, although it is noted that her family never “bothered with church.” It seems that Connie is compelled to juxtapose goodness against the evil which now surrounds her, but even her attempts to invoke the name of Christ “sounded forced.” Arnold Friend wobbles in his boots, wears “a mask” of make-up, and has “tarlike” lashes. As Connie threatens to call the police, Arnold Friend simply asks her, “Don’t you know who I am?” This reduces Connie to a whisper, and she immediately begins distancing herself from Arnold Friend. It seems that this is not simply a malicious man who has come for Connie but rather the embodiment of evil itself. This reinforces the idea that evil can manifest anywhere and at any time—often to the detriment of those who temporarily let their guard down.

Expert Q&A

Why does Connie surrender to Arnold in "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?"

Connie surrenders to Arnold in "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" because she fears for her family's safety. Despite her initial disdain for them, she realizes that Arnold's threats to harm her family are serious. By giving in to Arnold's demands, Connie hopes to protect her family from danger, demonstrating her growth and sacrifice.

Discuss the parallelism between Oates’s “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” and “Little Red Riding Hood.”

Joyce Carol Oates’s “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” parallels "Little Red Riding Hood" through themes of naivety and danger. Both stories feature naive young girls—Connie and Little Red—who trust strangers, leading them into peril. Arnold Friend, akin to the wolf, symbolizes a predatory threat, with Connie’s fate left ambiguous, suggesting harm. Both narratives serve as cautionary tales about the dangers lurking beyond the safety of home.

Identify ominous details that foreshadow Connie's tragic end in "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?"

Ominous details in "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" include the moment Connie realizes she is in real danger when she feels dizzy and recognizes Arnold is not a teenager but an older man. This realization marks a point of no return, as her childish banter turns into dread. Another detail is Arnold's smile described as "from inside a mask," symbolizing deceit and trapping Connie in a helpless situation.

Which trait makes Connie vulnerable to Arnold Friend in "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?"

Connie is a young girl who dreams of the glamorous life she sees in the movies. She lives in a boring suburbia with her parents and little sister. Arnold Friend steps into her life as an exciting new friend, someone to show her that there is more to life. He takes her out at night, shows off his car and buys her gifts. Connie becomes infatuated with Arnold, but he ends up kidnapping and killing her. The film was shot in 1980 over the course of 13 days for the amount of $777,000 (less than one million dollars). The movie was distributed by New World Pictures and first released on May 5, 1982.

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