The Turn of the Screw

by Henry James

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Representations of madness and sanity in The Turn of the Screw

Summary:

The Turn of the Screw explores madness and sanity through the unreliable narration of the governess, whose perceptions of ghostly apparitions and the children's behavior are ambiguous. Her mental state is questioned, creating a tension between reality and imagination. The novel leaves readers uncertain whether the hauntings are real or products of her deteriorating mind, thus blurring the lines between sanity and madness.

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How is sanity presented as a theme in The Turn of the Screw?

Henry James's The Turn of the Screw explores the fragility of sanity and also perhaps the descent into insanity. Let's look at this in more detail.

The governess in the tale begins to question her sanity when she sees a strange man in the tower of her new home...

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and later outside looking into the window. Mrs. Grouse tells the governess that the man she is seeing is Peter Quint, who has been dead for quite some time. The governess is concerned for the children and watches them closely. Then she sees yet another ghost, this time Miss Jessel, the children's previous governess.

As time passes, the children begin to behave strangely, and the governess sees the ghosts again. She is certain that the children see them, too, and their behavior becomes more and more irrational. The governess sends Flora away with Mrs. Grouse, but Miles mysteriously dies in her arms, leaving her to question her sanity in the midst of the horror.

Some scholars, however, argue that the governess is not just questioning her sanity but actually going insane. They claim that she is the one responsible for the strange activities and that there are no ghosts, just the governess's descent into madness. She takes the children with her into the depths of terror. This is a legitimate interpretation of the story, for the author is deliberately ambiguous.

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