The evolution of Tawfiq al-Hakim's dramatic style reflects both the influence of Western theater and his unique contribution to Arabic literature. His initial exposure to European artistic movements during his Parisian student years and subsequent travels in Europe, particularly in France, played a significant role in shaping his theatrical approach. Al-Hakim's work is notably marked by the impact of the Theater of the Absurd, although he preferred the term "irrationalist" to describe his distinct philosophical and stylistic inclinations.

The Influence of the Theater of the Absurd

Al-Hakim acknowledged the influence of Samuel Beckett and Eugène Ionesco, pioneers of the Theater of the Absurd, especially after his extended stay in France during 1959 and 1960. Despite this, al-Hakim endeavored to carve out his own niche, arguing that his work represented a unique brand of irrationalism. While Western drama certainly provided a source of inspiration, al-Hakim's plays are characterized by their originality, setting forth themes and techniques that culminated in his distinctive style.

Innovative Techniques and Distinct Themes

His early work, Shahrazad, illustrates al-Hakim's innovative approach. Published in 1934, it offered a fresh conclusion to the timeless tale of the Arabian Nights, showcasing his ability to blend traditional narratives with contemporary sensibilities. Other plays, such as those featuring jinn and mythical creatures, reveal his penchant for crafting ironical resolutions to complex problems, often employing elements of magic and fantasy.

Philosophy and Playfulness in al-Hakim's Work

Al-Hakim's plays often present a playful juxtaposition of philosophy and absurdity. In works like Himari qala li and Kullu shay’ fi mahallihi, the presence of a talking donkey creates a whimsical atmosphere where philosophical musings and nonsense coexist. Such elements contribute to the absurdist quality perceived in his plays, although al-Hakim's irrationalism remains a distinct thematic undercurrent.

Absurdist Elements and Comic Conceptions

Plays such as al-Taՙam li-kull fam and Masir sursar further demonstrate al-Hakim's adeptness at combining absurdist elements with comic scenarios. In al-Taՙam li-kull fam, mysterious stains on a wall become a source of intrigue and reflection, with characters interpreting the shadows differently, thus reflecting their personal narratives. Similarly, Masir sursar presents an allegorical tale of a cockroach, mirroring domestic squabbles between a king and queen, only to be humorously interrupted by real-life events.

Versatility in Drama

Through his varied and imaginative repertoire, al-Hakim has demonstrated remarkable versatility. His ability to intertwine the bizarre and the comedic has left an indelible mark on the theater landscape. His works continue to resonate with audiences, offering a refreshing perspective on both the absurd and the profound.