BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Draper, Ronald P. and Martin S. Ray. An Annotated Critical Bibliography of Thomas Hardy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989, 227 p.

A selective, annotated list of all genres of Hardy criticism and a guide to recent editions of his work.

Gerber, Helmut E. and W. Eugene Davis, editors. Thomas Hardy: An Annotated Bibliography of Writings About Him. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974, 841 p.

Extensive, annotated list of secondary works covering the period of 1871-1969.

Sherrick, Julie. Thomas Hardy's Major Novels: An Annotated Bibliography. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1998, 195 p.

Comprehensive, annotated list of critical works about six Hardy novels.

Weber, Carl Jefferson. The First Hundred Years of Thomas Hardy, 1840-1940: A Centenary Bibliography of Hardiana. Waterville, Maine: Colby College Library, 1942, 276 p.

Early bibliography with extensive references to 1940.

BIOGRAPHIES

Hands, Timothy. Thomas Hardy (Writers in Their Time). Hampshire, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, 209 p.

Biographical-critical work which traces Hardy's life and work in relation to his times.

Millgate, Michael. Thomas Hardy: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1982, 637 p.

Comprehensive biography, which at the time of its publication, was considered to be the definitive Hardy biographical source.

Pinion, F. B. Thomas Hardy: His Life and Friends. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996, 438 p.

Unique biographical work by a longtime Hardy scholar which seeks to show how Hardy was influenced by his associates.

Seymour-Smith, Martin. Hardy: A Biography. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994, 886 p.

Lengthy, chronological biography which often challenges the views of earlier biographers.

Turner, Paul. The Life of Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers, 1998, 326 p.

Critical biography which emphasizes biographical sources for Hardy's writings, especially Hardy's affinity for classical literature.

Widdowson, Peter. Hardy in History: A Study in Literary Sociology. New York: Routledge, 1989, 260 p.

A study of Hardy as cultural icon which reveals the process of critical canonization.

Wright, Sarah Bird. Thomas Hardy: A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2002, 430 p.

Comprehensive guide to Hardy's life and work in dictionary form with helpful appendices.

CRITICISM

Armstrong, Tim. Haunted Hardy: Poetry, History, Memory. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, 208 p.

A deconstructionist look at Hardy's poetry and the way it “haunts” various historical contexts.

Bouhelma, Penny. Thomas Hardy and Women: Sexual Ideology and Narrative Form. Sussex, United Kingdom: Harvester Press, 1982, 178 p.

A feminist interpretation of Hardy's fiction, focusing on the novels written between 1871 and 1886.

Butler, Lance St. John. “Register and Dialect: Thomas Hardy's Voices.” In Registering the Difference: Reading Literature Through Register, pp. 170-189. Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University Press, 1999.

Chapter emphasizing the dialects Hardy uses to change and layer meanings.

Davie, Donald. With the Grain: Essays on Thomas Hardy and Modern British Poetry, edited by Clive Wilmer. Manchester, United Kingdom: Carcanet, 1998, 346 p.

Essays on Hardy and other modern poets by a prominent Hardy scholar.

Devereux, Joanna. Patriarchy and Its Discontents: Sexual Politics in Selected Novels and Stories of Thomas Hardy. New York: Routledge, 2003 192 p.

Study written by a student of Michael Millgate which examines the construction of the idea of masculinity in Hardy's fiction.

Dutta, Shanta. Ambivalence in Hardy: A Study of His Attitude to Women. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000, 256 p.

A study of dual attitudes in Hardy: his sympathies for the downtrodden and his fears of limitations on the patriarchy.

Ebbatson, Roger. Hardy: The Margin of the Unexpressed. Sheffield, United Kingdom: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993, 160 p.

A partially deconstructive work which deals extensively with the minor Hardy novels.

Gatrell, Simon. Thomas Hardy and the Proper Study of Mankind. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993, 195 p.

A study of Hardy's characters and their responses to the environment and to the ideas of fate and destiny.

Gibson, James. Thomas Hardy: A Literary Life. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996, 206 p.

A study of the ways in which Hardy used, and sometimes changed, his own experience in writing, especially in poetry.

Ingham, Patricia. Thomas Hardy. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International, 1990, 124 p.

Part of the Feminist Readings series, a work which argues that there are fewer sexual divisions in Hardy than previous critics had asserted.

Irwin, Michael. Reading Hardy's Landscapes. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000, 171 p.

Discusses how Hardy creates the illusion of the physical world through his enumeration of small things and his creation of meaning through landscape.

Langbaum, Robert. Thomas Hardy in Our Time. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, 173 p.

Critical study of a number of aspects of Hardy's work, including his poetry, a discussion of The Mayor of Casterbridge and The Well-Beloved, and a discussion of his influence on D. H. Lawrence.

Mallett, Phillip, editor. The Achievement of Thomas Hardy. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000, 192 p.

Compilation of recent critical essays on Hardy.

Miller, J. Hillis. Thomas Hardy: Distance and Desire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970, 282 p.

An important structuralist study which outlines the use of two contradictory themes of detachment and involvement in Hardy's work.

Mitchell, Judith. The Stone and the Scorpion: The Female Subject of Desire in the Novels of Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994, 228 p.

A study of women and desire in three Victorian authors, covering four of Hardy's most read novels.

Morgan, Rosemarie. Women and Sexuality in the Novels of Thomas Hardy. New York: Routledge, 1988, 205 p.

A feminist look at the political aspects of women's sexuality in the Hardy novels.

Nathan, Barbara Hardy. Imagining Imagination: Hardy's Poetry and Fiction. Somerset, N.J.: Athlone Press, 2000, 224 p.

A study which stresses Hardy's roots in the romantic tradition and his interest in creativity.

Neill, Edward. “Back to the Future: Hardy, Poetry, Theory, Aporia.” Victorian Poetry 36, no. 1 (spring 1998): 75-95.

Essay which argues that Hardy's theoretical, “political” reasons for writing poetry are much more prevalent than most critics have recognized.

Page, Norman. Thomas Hardy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977, 195 p.

Comprehensive look at Hardy's whole literary output.

Persoon, James. Hardy's Early Poetry: Romanticism Through a “dark bilberry eye”. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2000, 111 p.

Study focusing on Hardy's “vision”—both realistic and romantic.

Pettit, Charles P. C., editor. Celebrating Thomas Hardy. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996, 200 p.

Principal lectures by well-known Hardy scholars given at the International Thomas Hardy Conference in Dorchester, England.

Rabbetts, John. From Hardy to Faulkner, Wessex to Yoknapatawpha. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989, 268 p.

Discussion of the oft-noted similarities in Hardy and William Faulkner.

Ray, Martin. Thomas Hardy: A Textual Study of the Short Stories. Hants, United Kingdom: Aldershot, 1997, 357 p.

Close textual reading of Hardy's short stories.

Springer, Marlene. Hardy's Use of Allusion. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1983, 207 p.

Study of Hardy's style and the use of allusion in specific works.

Sumner, Rosemary. A Route to Modernism: Hardy, Lawrence, Woolf. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000, 208 p.

Several perspectives on the ways Hardy, D. H. Lawrence, and Virginia Woolf exhibit aspects of modernism.

Thomas, Jane. Thomas Hardy, Femininity and Dissent: Reassessing the ‘Minor’ Novels. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, 184 p.

A post-structuralist view of the women characters in Hardy's lesser-read novels, emphasizing manifestations of resistance to the existing order rather than pessimistic determinism.

Widdowson, Peter. On Thomas Hardy: Late Essays and Earlier. London: Macmillan, 1998, 217 p.

Compilation of essays by a prominent Hardy specialist.

———. Thomas Hardy. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Northcote House, 1996, 113 p.

A discussion of the significance of Hardy in light of past and present-day criticism.

Wotton, George. Thomas Hardy: Toward a Materialist Criticism. Totowa, N.J.: Gill & Macmillan, 1985, 233 p.

A Marxist, deconstructive approach to Hardy which defines his writing as a social product and emphasizes economic forces at work in “Wessex.”

Additional coverage of Hardy's life and career is contained in the following sources published by the Gale Group: British Writers, Vol. 6; British Writers: The Classics, Vol. 1; British Writers Retrospective Supplement, Vol. 1; Concise Dictionary of British Literary Biography, 1890-1914; Contemporary Authors, Vols. 104, 123; Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vols. 18, 19, 135, 284; DISCovering Authors; DISCovering Authors: British Edition; DISCovering Authors: Canadian Edition; DISCovering Authors Modules: Most-studied Authors, Novelists, and Poets; DISCovering Authors 3.0; Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century, Ed. 3; Exploring Novels; Exploring Poetry; Literature and Its Times, Vol. 2; Literature Resource Center; Major 20th-Century Writers, Eds. 1, 2; Novels for Students, Vols. 3, 11, 15; Poetry Criticism, Vol. 8; Poetry for Students, Vols. 3, 4; Reference Guide to English Literature, Ed. 2; Reference Guide to Short Fiction, Ed. 2; Short Story Criticism, Vols. 2, 60; Twayne's English Authors; Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vols. 4, 10, 18, 32, 48, 53, 72; World Literature and Its Times, Vol. 4; and World Literature Criticism.