Things Fall Apart Characters
The main characters in Things Fall Apart are Okonkwo, Ikemefuna, Obierika, Enzima, Ekwefi, Nwoye, and Unoka.
- Okonkwo is the protagonist, whose downfall begins when he kills Ikemefuna.
- Ikemefuna is Okonkwo’s ward from a neighboring village, who regards Okonkwo as a father. When an oracle calls for Ikemefuna to be sacrificed, Okonkwo kills the boy himself.
- Obierika is Okonkwo’s best friend, who helps him in times of crisis.
- Ezinma is Okonkwo’s daughter, the only surviving child of Ekwefi.
- Ekwefi is Okonkwo’s second wife. She bears ten children, nine of which die.
- Nwoye is Okonkwo’s son, who converts to Christianity.
- Unoka is Okonkwo’s father, who died in debt.
Okonkwo
The protagonist of Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo is a stubborn, impatient, and fear-driven character who represents power, toxic masculinity, and traditional values. He is ashamed of his father, Unoka, because Unoka was constantly in debt to others and lived a financially unsuccessful life. This shame drives Okonkwo’s attitude and fear of failure. Okonkwo desires to be as unlike his father as possible.
This sets up Okonkwo’s tragic flaw and role as a tragic hero. He is a powerful and successful man, but he rejects of his father’s kindly and calm traits. This causes him to mistreat his son and family, react aggressively instead of thoughtfully, and to view sensitivity as weakness. Okonkwo is described as “a man of action, a man of war.” He is intimidating, with a large body and a certain way of walking and breathing that suggests personal prowess. However, Okonkwo has a stammer, and when he is unable to express himself with words, he resorts to violence.
Unlike his father, Okonkwo is successful. He becomes the “greatest wrestler in the nine villages” and a wealthy farmer. He has three wives and two titles in his village, Iguedo, of the clan Umuofia. Okonkwo also demonstrates his skill and power in two intertribal wars. When he was young, Okonkwo gained a high and revered position within Umuofia through his many achievements. Okonkwo’s hardworking nature is influenced by his father’s inability to leave him anything, such as a farm, a title, or a young wife. Okonkwo had to work on his own to achieve success, engaging in sharecropping and taking care of his mother and siblings when his father wouldn’t.
Okonkwo treats each of his children differently. He is often disappointed in and rough with his eldest son, Nwoye, whereas he appreciates his daughter Ezinma’s keen understanding. Okonkwo also inwardly cares for Ikemefuna, who was traded to the village of Umuofia to stop a war. With Ikemefuna under his care, Okonkwo allows him to act much like his son, although Okonkwo never shows the boy outward affection. To Okonkwo, affection is weakness. When the village elders decide to sacrifice Ikemefuna, they tell Okonkwo not to take part in the killing. However, Okonkwo kills Ikemefuna himself.
Since Okonkwo is defined by his flaws and fears, he is driven to kill Ikemefuna out of fear of showing weakness. This shows how Okonkwo is willing to commit moral wrongs at whatever cost in order to be different from his father. Still, Okonkwo feels guilt over this action, even if only for a short time. Later on, at the funeral of the village’s eldest man, Ogbuefi Ezeudu, Okonkwo’s gun accidentally explodes and kills one of Ogbuefi’s sons. Killing a clansman, even accidentally, is considered a major crime win Umuofia. Okonkwo has no choice but to go into exile for seven years. Okonkwo then leaves with his family and returns to his motherland of Mbanta.
After Okonkwo is banished, he loses his hope and ambition. His desire to become one of the lords of the clan is ruined, and Okonkwo feels that he has nothing to strive for. Uchendu, Okonkwo’s elderly uncle who helps him live in Mbanta, chastises Okonkwo for this attitude, and Okonkwo slowly begins to live as he used to. However, things in the area are changing, and Christian missionaries have come to the villages and converted some of the local people. The entrance of white men into Okonkwo’s world confuses him, and he rejects the new religion and decides the missionaries are crazy. However, his son Nwoye converts to Christianity and leaves Okonkwo, his mother, and his siblings. Okonkwo is ashamed of this and realizes that Nwoye is like his grandfather Unoka. Okonkwo believes it is his fault for raising Nwoye with too much “fire,” as Nwoye has been pushed to become the “ashes.”
Okonkwo carefully plans his return to Iguedo, but despite all his efforts, he finds that his village, and Umuofia in general, has changed. The missionaries have built trading stores and a jail, among other things. In doing so, they take the attention of the people away from Okonkwo’s return. Okonkwo’s hope of returning to power and greatness is dashed, and he is disappointed by the village’s decision not to fight against the white men.
When tensions build, the nine villages meet to discuss starting a war against the white men. Okonkwo kills one of the messengers of the white men in his anger and hatred. As a result, the men of the villages become even more conflicted instead of banding together. Okonkwo, realizing the fate of his village is to be taken over, kills himself. In Igbo society, committing suicide is a desecration to the earth and to the clan. Okonkwo ends up following the path of his own father, whose death was also shameful. Okonkwo wished to be a hero and a great man of his clan. However, his death is not only tragic, but also highlights the tragedy of the end of a pre-colonized Africa and the beginning of a colonized Africa.
Expert Q&A
In Things Fall Apart, why does Okonkwo commit suicide and what is the final message?
Okonkwo was once considered the greatest warrior alive, but he cannot stop the European Christian white men who have come in to take control and change his village traditions. Okonkwo finally gives up hope and hangs himself, even though it is a disgrace to commit suicide in his tribe.
Describe the character traits of Okonkwo, Nwoye, and Obierika.
Okonkwo is ambitious, tenacious, and obsessed with strength and masculinity, fearing mediocrity and failure. His pride leads to tragic decisions, including killing Ikemefuna and ultimately his own suicide. Nwoye, Okonkwo's son, is gentle and compassionate, often clashing with his father's harsh expectations. He struggles with self-esteem but finds solace in his friendship with Ikemefuna. Obierika, Okonkwo's wise and loyal friend, is practical and perceptive, offering counsel and support while valuing thoughtful action over rash decisions.
In "Things Fall Apart," how does Okonkwo represent both the best and worst aspects of tribal life?
Okonkwo embodies both the best and worst aspects of tribal life in his community. He exemplifies hard work, personal achievement, and warrior prowess, gaining wealth, respect, and multiple wives, which are highly valued traits. However, his fiery temper, abusive behavior, and inability to adapt to change highlight negative aspects. Okonkwo's fear of appearing weak leads to poor decisions, culminating in his tragic end, reflecting both his strength and his tragic flaws.
Why is Okonkwo’s defeat of Amalinze the Cat a great achievement in Things Fall Apart?
Okonkwo's defeat of Amalinze the Cat is a great achievement because Amalinze was the greatest wrestler in Umuofia and remained undefeated for seven years. Okonkwo's victory at just 18 earned him immense respect and praise. This triumph also helped Okonkwo distance himself from his father Unoka's weak and lazy image, establishing his reputation as a strong and powerful individual in the tribe.
What positive and negative characteristics of Okonkwo exacerbate his situations?
Okonkwo's diligence and physical strength are positive traits that help him gain prestige and success. However, his strong sense of honor, while admirable, leads him to make painful decisions, such as killing Ikemefuna. His rashness and pride exacerbate negative situations, particularly when he kills the District Commissioner's messenger, expecting support from his clansmen. Their lack of response highlights his isolation and inability to adapt, ultimately leading to his tragic demise.
In Things Fall Apart, how does Okonkwo's killing of Ezeudu differ from Ikemefuna's?
Okonkwo's killing of Ikemefuna and Ezeudu's son differ significantly in Things Fall Apart. Ikemefuna's death is a result of tribal tradition, where Okonkwo participates to avoid being seen as weak. In contrast, Ezeudu's son is accidentally killed by Okonkwo during a funeral, leading to severe consequences. This accidental death violates tribal laws, resulting in Okonkwo's exile. The incidents highlight the complex and often contradictory nature of justice in Ibo society.
What quotations in "Things Fall Apart" support Okonkwo's downfall?
Quotations supporting Okonkwo's downfall include Ezedu's warning, "That boy calls you father... Bear no hand in his death," which Okonkwo disregards by killing Ikemefuna. Another is, "Okonkwo was ruled by one passion – to hate everything that his father Unoka had loved," leading to rash decisions. His killing of Ezeudu's son and the white messenger further exemplify his tragic flaws, culminating in his suicide.
What makes Okonkwo a static character in Things Fall Apart?
Okonkwo is a static character in Things Fall Apart because he remains resolute, callous, and aggressive throughout the narrative. His fear of appearing weak, like his father, drives his hostile and intolerant behavior, leading to his tragic end. Despite his complex personality, Okonkwo's inability to adapt or change mirrors the static nature of the Igbo culture, which ultimately cannot cope with Western influence.
What does the metaphor of Okonkwo as the nza bird in Things Fall Apart mean?
The metaphor of Okonkwo as the nza bird in Things Fall Apart criticizes arrogance, superiority, and selfishness. Both Okonkwo and the nza bird challenged their chi, showing a lack of humility and gratitude. Okonkwo's actions, such as breaking the Week of Peace, reflect this arrogance, threatening his tribe's well-being. This metaphor underscores his failure to control his anger and adhere to cultural norms.
What are Okonkwo's feelings after killing Ikemefuna?
In Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo feels extremely depressed and ashamed after killing Ikemefuna. He refuses to eat for two consecutive days and spends every waking hour drinking palm wine. Okonkwo also struggles to sleep at night because Ikemefuna's image haunts him. Eventually, he decides that he is acting like a woman and decides to suppress his negative feelings regarding his role in Ikemefuna's death.
Nwoye
Nwoye is the son of Okonkwo’s first wife. Within the family hierarchy, this positions Nwoye as the highest ranking and eldest son. Nwoye, like Unoka, serves as a foil to Okonkwo’s character. Nwoye often does not exhibit the supposedly manly qualities that his father values. Instead, he shares similarities with the kinder, gentler Unoka. He is sensitive, troubled by some Umuofian practices, and drawn to music, hope, and the poetry of the new religion, Christianity.
As a young boy, Nwoye is frequently a target for Okonkwo’s harsh criticism. He tries to please his father but often fails. His behavior and interests, which Okonkwo considers feminine, remind Okonkwo of his own father. Nwoye, then, represents Okonkwo’s failings as a father. This bothers Okonkwo, and he tries to teach Nwoye and Ikemefuna about yams, which are a symbol for manliness, prestige, and respect. When Nwoye does not quickly understand how to farm yams, Okonkwo becomes frustrated and disappointed in Nwoye. He lashes out at Nwoye verbally, even while understanding how difficult it is to farm yams.
Nwoye also exemplifies the familial aspect of Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart. In contrast to Okonkwo, Nwoye creates bonds with his family, especially with Ikemefuna. Nwoye also prefers his mother’s folktales to Okonkwo’s violent war stories. Although Nwoye is negatively affected by Okonkwo’s rough treatment of him growing up, Ikemefuna, whom Nwoye develops a close relationship with, helps him. It is Nwoye’s brotherhood with Ikemefuna that helps Nwoye emulate the masculine traits that Okonkwo prefers.
However, Nwoye is on the brink of separation from not only his father but also his culture. Nwoye is disturbed by some of the practices of his clan, specifically the casting off of infant twins into the Evil Forest. He feels something “snapping” inside of him when he hears the twins crying in the forest, and he again feels a “snapping” when he sees Okonkwo return home after killing Ikemefuna. These two instances are the start of Nwoye’s separation from his father and his clan.
After moving to his father’s motherland, Mbanta, Nwoye is influenced by the kindness the Christian missionaries display. He leaves his father and family to be a part of the new religion, and he promises himself that he will go back to his mother and siblings, convert them, and take them away from Okonkwo. Okonkwo’s lack of hesitation in disowning Nowye highlights how poor their relationship is. When Okonkwo reflects on Nwoye’s actions, he views himself as “living fire” and Nwoye as “ash,” a metaphor that exemplifies his belief that Nwoye is weak. Near the end of Things Fall Apart, Nwoye takes on the name Isaac as a symbol of his conversion to Christianity and goes to study in Umuru.
Expert Q&A
In Things Fall Apart, how did Ikemefuna influence Nwoye in chapters 5-7?
Ikemefuna significantly influences Nwoye by acting as an elder brother, sparking a transformation in him from a feminine and passive child to a more mature and masculine young man. Under Ikemefuna's influence, Nwoye begins to spend more time with his father, Okonkwo, and takes on traditionally masculine tasks, moving away from his previous association with his mother. This change delights Okonkwo, who values masculinity and strength.
Why does Nwoye hate Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart?
Nwoye hates Okonkwo because Okonkwo is harsh and critical, often beating him in an effort to make him more masculine and less like Okonkwo's own father, Unoka. Okonkwo's actions are driven by his disdain for what he perceives as Nwoye's feminine traits. Nwoye's resentment deepens after Okonkwo kills Ikemefuna, whom Nwoye loved like a brother. This event ultimately leads Nwoye to reject his father and embrace Christianity.
How does colonization affect Nwoye in Things Fall Apart?
Colonization profoundly impacts Nwoye as he converts to Christianity, drawn by the religion's poetry and hymns. Disillusioned by the traditional customs, especially the deaths of Ikemefuna and the twins, Nwoye seeks solace in the new faith. His conversion marks a definitive break from his father, Okonkwo, exacerbating their strained relationship. This personal transformation reflects the broader influence of European colonization, which used religion to create discord and gradually integrate bureaucratic control over native societies.
Why does Nwoye in Things Fall Apart prefer his mother's folktales over his father's?
Folktales provide moral instruction and introduce children to the culture of the tribe, as well as awaking their imaginations. Nwoye prefers his mother's stories because they are more imaginative, whereas his father's stories are martial narratives of violence and bloodshed.
How did Nwoye's conversion to Christianity change him in Things Fall Apart?
Nwoye's conversion to Christianity marks a rebellion against his father Okonkwo and Igbo traditions, seeking refuge in a faith he finds less violent and patriarchal. He adopts the name Isaac to symbolize his break from his father's expectations. While he feels more at home in Christianity, he remains conflicted, living among those who adhere to traditional beliefs, embodying the struggle of being caught between two cultural identities.
Contrasts and similarities between Okonkwo and Nwoye in Things Fall Apart
Okonkwo and Nwoye in Things Fall Apart contrast in their attitudes towards tradition and masculinity. Okonkwo is strict, traditional, and values strength, while Nwoye is sensitive, questioning, and drawn to new ideas. However, both characters struggle with their identities and the expectations of their society, highlighting generational conflicts and the impact of colonialism on their lives.
Nwoye's actions and role in Things Fall Apart
Nwoye, in Things Fall Apart, represents the conflict between tradition and change. Initially, he struggles to meet his father Okonkwo's expectations, but he eventually rejects his father's values by converting to Christianity. This shift symbolizes a broader cultural transformation and the impact of colonialism on traditional Igbo society.
Obierika
Obierika is Okonkwo’s closest friend; knew Okonkwo’s father, Unoka; and understands Okonkwo’s background. Unlike Okonkwo, Obierika is reflective and thoughtful. He often provides commentary on Okonkwo’s actions and on life in Umuofia. These characteristics make Obierika a foil to the more impulsive Okonkwo. Obierika is less driven to prove himself than Okonkwo, which allows him to see things more clearly. However, Okonkwo rarely heeds Obierika’s advice.
Although Obierika is sympathetic to Okonkwo’s depression over Ikemefuna, he still rebukes Okonkwo for his part in the killing. Obierika detests violence, condemning the ritualistic killing. While Obierika values tradition, he also knows that Okonkwo’s role in Ikemefuna’s death was unnecessary.
Obierika gives insight into many events in the novel. He discusses the changes the white missionaries bring and the Igbo traditions of of gift-giving and mysticism. For instance, part of Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart is devoted to the cultural tradition of marriage. Obierika’s daughter is married off, and he negotiates a bride price and his daughter’s uri, a type of marital celebration. Obierika invites Okonkwo to attend these important celebrations, highlighting their friendship and Obierika’s respect for Okonkwo.
While Okonkwo is exiled, Obierika helps the other clansmen burn down Okonkwo’s hut and farm, as is tradition following a banishment. Obierika visits Okonkwo in Mbanta, informs Okonkwo of news from Umuofia, and grows some of Okonkwo’s yams for him in Iguedo to sell to sharecroppers. Obierika brings these profits to Okonkwo when he visits Mbanta. During Okonkwo’s banishment, Obierika tells him the rumors about the white men and missionaries coming to the villages. The next time Obierika visits, he tells Okonkwo that the missionaries have taken over Iguedo. He tells Okonkwo that Nwoye has converted to the missionaries’ religion. Obierika’s observations during these tumultuous changes are level-headed. He serves as a balance to Okonkwo’s often violent decisions and Okonkwo’s wish to go to war with the white men.
Okonkwo, at the end of his seven-year banishment, asks Obierika to build new huts for him for his return, representing the trust between the two. Near the end of Things Fall Apart, Obierika is angry and confused about Okonkwo’s death. He berates the white men who come to help bury Okonkwo, saying that Okonkwo “was one of the greatest men in Umuofia. You drove him to kill himself; and now he will be buried like a dog.” Obierika can’t finish his sentence and his emotions take over. Obierika’s show of emotion illustrates the many changes that white men have brought. Here, the established “manliness” of not crying or showing grief is overturned.
Expert Q&A
Why did Obierika help destroy Okonkwo's compound in Things Fall Apart?
Obierika helps destroy Okonkwo's compound due to tribal traditions, which mandate this action after Okonkwo accidentally kills a clansman, violating the earth goddess's laws. Despite no personal animosity, Obierika follows custom to prevent disaster for the clan, reflecting the community's strong adherence to tradition. Although he questions the fairness of such punishment for an inadvertent act, he ultimately complies, highlighting the tension between individual thought and communal obligation.
What is Obierika's view on the disposal of twins in Things Fall Apart?
Obierika questions the justice of punishing individuals for actions beyond their control, such as the disposal of twins in Things Fall Apart. He reflects on this when considering Okonkwo's punishment for an accidental crime and recalls his own twin children, who were discarded due to cultural decrees. Obierika finds the punishment for such "offenses" unsatisfactory, highlighting his ambivalence towards traditional practices that punish without regard to personal responsibility.
In Things Fall Apart, why is Obierika a foil to Okonkwo?
In Things Fall Apart, Obierika is a foil to Okonkwo because he is reflective, critical of culture, and adaptable to change, contrasting with Okonkwo's rigidity and arrogance. Obierika's actions, such as refusing to participate in Ikemefuna's killing, highlight his adaptability and foresight, whereas Okonkwo's inflexibility and refusal to show weakness lead to his suffering.
What is Obierika's view on Okonkwo's role in Ikemefuna's death?
Obierika disapproves of Okonkwo's involvement in Ikemefuna's death, viewing it as unnecessary and driven by Okonkwo's desire to prove his strength and adherence to tribal customs. Obierika, a man of reason who opposes violence, sees Okonkwo's actions as selfish and rooted in superstition, contrasting with his own understanding of tradition. He perceives Okonkwo's participation as an attempt to distance himself from his father's perceived weakness.
What actions depict Obierika as Okonkwo's alter ego in Things Fall Apart?
Obierika serves as Okonkwo's alter ego by acting as his inseparable friend and deputy during Okonkwo's exile in Things Fall Apart. He manages Okonkwo's yams, questions the tradition that led to Okonkwo's exile, and provides updates about the white men's arrival. Obierika's thoughtful nature contrasts with Okonkwo's impulsiveness. He builds new huts for Okonkwo's return, highlighting his role as a supportive and reflective counterpart.
Which quotes from Things Fall Apart characterize Obierika?
Quotes from Things Fall Apart that characterize Obierika include his advice to Okonkwo about not participating in Ikemefuna's killing: "If I were you I would have stayed at home. What you have done will not please the Earth." Another quote highlights his respect for tradition: "titled men climb trees and pound foo-foo for their wives," criticizing actions that undermine honor. Lastly, his reflection on Okonkwo's banishment shows his struggle with tradition's complexities.
Characterize Obierika, Okonkwo's best friend, in Things Fall Apart.
Obierika, Okonkwo's best friend in Things Fall Apart, is a successful and respected man in his village, known for his hard work and titles. Unlike Okonkwo, Obierika is thoughtful and questions tribal customs, such as the fairness of Okonkwo's exile. He supports Okonkwo by caring for his farm during exile and building huts for his return. Obierika remains a loyal friend, ultimately leading rituals after Okonkwo's tragic death.
Why does Obierika believe the clan is falling apart in Things Fall Apart?
Obierika believes the clan is falling apart due to the demoralizing influence of the white man's religion and government in Things Fall Apart. He argues that it's too late to drive them out, as many clan members have joined the Christian church and government. The clan's internal division and the example of Abame's destruction by few white men highlight the threat of their own potential downfall.
Obierika's demonstration of loyalty and friendship to Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart
Obierika demonstrates loyalty and friendship to Okonkwo in several ways. He visits Okonkwo during his exile, bringing news and supplies, and helps him financially by selling Okonkwo's yams and giving him the profits. Obierika also questions the justice of Okonkwo's punishment, showing his support and concern for his friend's well-being.
Ikemefuna
Ikemefuna is a boy from the village of Mbaino. He is taken when he is young to the village of Umuofia—both as a political trade to avoid war and as repayment for the death of an Umuofian girl. Although Ikemefuna belongs to the entire clan of Umuofia, he is placed under Okonkwo’s care for three years, as decided by Umuofia’s elders.
Ikemefuna does not understand why he was taken. He does not know that his father killed a girl from Umuofia. He was too surprised to say goodbye to his family before he was taken away.
Despite this tragic beginning, Ikemefuna fits in well with Okonkwo’s family and grows very close to Nwoye, who regards him as the brother he never had. Ikemefuna begins to call Okonkwo his father, and he slowly forgets his previous life.
After three years, the Oracle orders Ikemefuna’s sacrifice. Ikemefuna does not understand what is happening, and Okonkwo tells him he is being returned to his old family in order to avoid scaring him. Ikemefuna believes this right up until his death; he is first cut down by one of the clansmen and then killed by Okonkwo.
Expert Q&A
Why did the Oracle call for Ikemefuna's death and what were its consequences on the tribe?
The Oracle calls for Ikemefuna's death as part of a ritual, possibly as retribution for a past killing. This act, rooted in traditional tribal laws, is not explicitly justified, highlighting the tribe's adherence to ritualistic practices. The consequences are profound: Nwoye becomes estranged from his father and eventually leaves the tribe, while Okonkwo's participation in the killing leads to personal turmoil and the tribe's gradual questioning of their traditions.
What is the significance of Ikemefuna's life and death in Okwonkwo's household?
Ikemefuna's life and death significantly impact Okonkwo's household by strengthening family bonds and then causing deep emotional distress. Ikemefuna becomes a surrogate son and role model to Nwoye, but his death, ordered by the Oracle and executed by Okonkwo, leads to mourning and creates a rift between Nwoye and his father. This event foreshadows Okonkwo's own tragic end, highlighting themes of fear and honor.
If you were Ikemefuna, what would you write in a letter to your mother?
In a letter to his mother, Ikemefuna might express gratitude for the care he receives in Umuofia, particularly from Okonkwo, whom he appreciates for taking him in. He would describe his strong bond with Nwoye, who is like a brother, and mention how the family enjoys his folklore stories and flute playing. He would also express his longing to see his mother again after two years apart, hoping for a reunion soon.
The significance and role of Ikemefuna in "Things Fall Apart."
Ikemefuna's significance in Things Fall Apart lies in his impact on Okonkwo's family and the narrative. As a boy given to the Umuofia clan to settle a dispute, he becomes part of Okonkwo's household and forms a strong bond with Nwoye, Okonkwo's son. His tragic fate, ordered by the clan and carried out by Okonkwo, foreshadows the ensuing turmoil and collapse in Okonkwo's life.
Analyze Ikemefuna's symbolic representation of blurred identity in Things Fall Apart.
Ikemefuna may be considered a symbol of blurred identity in regard to family, tribe, and freedom. His anomalous status as a prisoner of war and a foster son affects Okonkwo as well as the boy.
In Things Fall Apart, why does Achebe include the subplot of Ikemefuna's death?
Achebe includes the subplot of Ikemefuna's death to highlight Okonkwo's fear of being perceived as weak, a fear stemming from his father's failures. Despite loving Ikemefuna, Okonkwo participates in his death to avoid appearing weak. This act illustrates Okonkwo's internal conflict and foreshadows his downfall, as Obierika warns that such actions could displease the earth and lead to his family's destruction.
Ikemefuna's skills and talents in Things Fall Apart
Ikemefuna in Things Fall Apart is depicted as a talented and resourceful boy. He is skilled in storytelling, which endears him to Okonkwo's children. Additionally, he possesses practical abilities like identifying edible plants and making traps for catching animals, showcasing his adaptability and resourcefulness in the environment.
Unoka
Okonkwo’s father, Unoka, was a gentle and idle man who was fond of playing music. A foil to Okonkwo, Unoka was not a successful or respected man. He played music well and was able to weave and tell creative folktales. This is in direct contrast to Okonkwo’s rejection of music and insistence on only telling cold and gory war stories. Unoka’s draw to music and storytelling highlight his sensitive and creative nature that Okonkwo so despises.
The beginning of Things Fall Apart shows Unoka interacting with a debtor, who refuses to break a kola nut with him. The refusal to break the kola nut means that the debtor has no respect for Unoka despite his old age, which generally garners respect in Igbo society. Furthermore, Unoka’s tendency to beg for money from the people of the village demonstrates his lack of riches. The clan respects wealth, but as Unoka has none and is in debt, the clan disrespects him. Unoka was never very good at keeping a farm or caring for his children and wives, either; Okonkwo ends up doing this work for him from a young age, which only increases Okonkwo’s resentment toward his careless father.
Although Unoka lacks the respect of his clan, his nature shows that he is happier than Okonkwo, who is dogged by a fear of never being good enough. Unoka shows no fear or worry and lives gently and kindly. If it were not for Unoka’s complete lack of “manliness” within the story, Okonkwo would not be as driven to differentiate himself from his father, who was often called agbala (meaning “woman”) by the clansmen.
Unoka, unlike Okonkwo, had little control over his chi, or his personal god. Because he was unable to shape or control his chi, Unoka was viewed as an “ill-fated man.” Unoka was affected by ill fate not only with his land but also in his death. Unoka died of “the swelling,” which is considered an abomination to the “goddess of the earth.” Due to this, Unoka was taken to the Evil Forest to die alone and without a burial, a shameful death in the village of Umuofia. Additionally, Unoka dies before paying off his debt, another mark of shame.
Although Unoka is only briefly present in Things Fall Apart, his careless and lazy nature affects and drives Okonkwo to act aggressively and to never accept failure. The relationship between Unoka and Okonkwo represents a clash between father, son, and cultural expectations. Unoka does not live up to expectations and brings his family shame even in death. Furthermore, it is Unoka’s miscommunication and negligence that pushes Okonkwo away from him.
Expert Q&A
How does Unoka die in Things Fall Apart?
Unoka dies from an illness characterized by swelling in the stomach and limbs, which symbolizes his complacency. He is described as "ill-fated," and because of his condition, he is not allowed to die inside the house. Unoka, who was lazy, improvident, and heavily in debt, spent his life playing music and drinking rather than working. His death profoundly affects his son Okonkwo, who strives to be his opposite, driven by shame and a desire to avoid his father's fate.
What are Unoka's two pleasurable pastimes in "Things Fall Apart"?
Unoka's two pleasurable pastimes are drinking palm wine and playing the flute. Despite often being in debt, he prioritized enjoying life by spending on good food and drink. Unoka found joy in music, particularly during the harvest season when he played his flute with village musicians. He was also hired by other villages to play and teach music, making the most of the dry season's sunny days.
What are the implications of Unoka taking his flute to the evil forest when he dies?
Unoka taking his flute to the evil forest upon his death symbolizes his reliance on music as his sole source of joy and self-expression in a society where he is otherwise considered a failure. The flute represents his only talent and connection to others, offering solace and a sense of equality. This act underscores his detachment from societal values and his embrace of music as his ultimate comfort, possibly even in his final moments.
Why does Unoka in Things Fall Apart sing to the kites?
Unoka sings to the kites as part of a childhood tradition marking the return of the dry season. This activity recalls his own happy childhood, contrasting with his adult life of failure. Singing to the kites allows Unoka to escape the competitive and violent adult world of the Igbo tribe, seeking solace in childish pleasures, music, and nature. This act symbolizes his desire to return to a simpler, carefree time in his life.
The role and influence of Unoka in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart, especially in relation to Okonkwo
Unoka, Okonkwo's father in Things Fall Apart, significantly influences Okonkwo's character and actions. Unoka's failure and perceived weakness drive Okonkwo to become his opposite: a successful, respected, and often harsh man. Okonkwo's fear of resembling his father shapes his relentless pursuit of strength and power, impacting his relationships and ultimately contributing to his tragic downfall.
Ekwefi and Ezinma
Important female characters are Okonkwo's second wife, Ekwefi, and her only surviving child, Ezinma. Ekwefi was to have been the first wife, but he was too poor to marry her; after two years, she left her husband for him. As her babies die one after another, and she has to come to terms with the knowledge that she is the victim of an ogbanje, she not only gains stature through her suffering but is important because she is the only other character in the book besides Ikemefuna who brings out the gentle side in Okonkwo's nature. As the mother of the magical Ezinma, she is also a sort of heiress to the spiritual life of the tribe, which while apparently maledominated is utterly dependent on the female Earth Goddess. She, along with her daughter, is the prototype for later, more complexly drawn and central female characters, like Beatrice in Anthills of the Savannah (1987).
Chielo
Chielo is the revered priestess of Agbala, the Oracle of the Hills and the Caves. Outside of her sacred duties, Chielo is a widow with two children and a close friend to Ekwefi. Her dual identity as both a spiritual leader and an ordinary woman underscores the blend of tradition and daily life in the Igbo community. Chielo's actions, such as taking Ezinma to the oracle's cave, reflect her significant influence and role in clan decisions, including warfare. Her character illustrates the profound respect and power afforded to spiritual leaders in Igbo society.
Expert Q&A
In Things Fall Apart, what did Chielo want with Ezinma?
Chielo, the priestess, wanted Ezinma because "Agbala wanted to see his daughter." She took Ezinma on a journey through the villages to the Oracle's cave, highlighting the connection between the spiritual and physical worlds. This event also reveals Okonkwo's softer side, as he follows Ekwefi and comforts her, showing his concern for Ezinma, his favorite child. The experience allows Ekwefi to reflect on her past and love for Okonkwo.
Reverend James Smith
Reverend James Smith succeeds Mr. Brown as the head of the Christian mission in Umuofia. Unlike his predecessor, Smith is inflexible and fervent in his beliefs, viewing Igbo customs as sinful and incompatible with his Christian teachings. His approach alienates the local population and escalates tensions between the community and the church. Under his leadership, members like Enoch are encouraged in their zealous actions, leading to significant cultural clashes. Smith's tenure exemplifies the cultural insensitivity and dogma that accompany colonial missionary efforts.
Mr. Brown
Mr. Brown is the first white missionary to establish a foothold in Umuofia. His approach is marked by respect and understanding of the local traditions, allowing him to gain the clan's trust. Mr. Brown focuses on education, encouraging the tribe to send their children to his school, which facilitates a peaceful introduction to Christianity. His health eventually forces him to leave, but not before laying the foundations for a successful mission. Mr. Brown's legacy is one of moderation and dialogue, contrasting sharply with the more rigid methods of his successor.
Expert Q&A
Describe the character Mr. Brown in Things Fall Apart.
Mr. Brown is the first European missionary in Umuofia, depicted as tolerant and strategic. He preaches moderation and engages with Igbo culture through dialogue with leaders like Akunna. Mr. Brown believes in colonization through education and commerce, establishing schools, churches, and stores. His charismatic and accepting nature wins over many Igbo villagers, enabling cultural assimilation. Despite his peaceful approach, Mr. Brown's efforts facilitate European colonization by integrating European influences into Igbo society.
How does Mr. Brown handle passionate clan members in Things Fall Apart?
Mr. Brown handles passionate clan members by adopting a respectful and tolerant approach. Unlike other missionaries, he seeks to understand the villagers' traditions and beliefs, engaging in peaceful dialogue rather than confrontation. He restrains his followers from provoking the clan and promotes moral and patient conversion to Christianity. Mr. Brown's compassionate and accommodating nature earns him respect and friendship among the villagers, contrasting with the more aggressive methods of his successor, Mr. Smith.
The District Commissioner
The District Commissioner represents the British colonial authority in Umuofia. His presence and actions exemplify the dismissive and superior attitude of colonial powers towards indigenous cultures. His planned book, "The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger," epitomizes the reductive and imperialist perspectives of the era, reducing complex cultural narratives to simplistic accounts. The Commissioner’s role underscores the larger themes of cultural misunderstanding and domination present in the narrative.
Expert Q&A
In Things Fall Apart, what is the District Commissioner's motive for colonizing the Africans?
The District Commissioner's motive for colonizing the Africans is to impose British rule and "civilize" the indigenous people, believing it is beneficial for them. He aims to replace native justice systems with British courts and administration, viewing this as a path to peace, even if it involves violence. The Commissioner sees himself as a representative of the British crown, tasked with pacifying the "primitive" tribes, as suggested by his book title, "The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger."
Uchendu
Uchendu is Okonkwo’s maternal uncle and a wise elder in the village of Mbanta. During Okonkwo’s exile, Uchendu provides refuge and counsel, helping Okonkwo and his family adjust to life away from Umuofia. His wisdom and guidance emphasize the importance of maternal kinship and offer a counterbalance to Okonkwo’s rigid masculinity. Uchendu's character illustrates the communal support structures within Igbo society and offers a voice of reason amidst the turmoil of cultural transition.
Expert Q&A
What two philosophical questions does Uchendu pose in Things Fall Apart?
Uchendu poses two philosophical questions: why the Igbo name their children "Nneka" meaning "Mother is Supreme," and why a woman is buried in her motherland among her own people. These questions highlight the importance of the feminine in Igbo culture and serve to teach Okonkwo about valuing these aspects, especially during his time of despair and exile. This dialogue occurs in Chapter 14.
Nwakibie
Nwakibie is a prosperous man in Umuofia who holds the second highest title in the clan. He is instrumental in Okonkwo’s rise to wealth, providing him with yam seeds to start his farm. Nwakibie exemplifies the traditional values of hard work and success, serving as a model of achievement within the community. His support of Okonkwo at the beginning of his career underscores the interconnectedness of personal ambition and communal support in Igbo society.
Ogbuefi Ezeudu
Ogbuefi Ezeudu is the oldest and most revered elder in Umuofia, a man with impressive titles and respect. He delivers the critical message to Okonkwo regarding the Oracle's decree to kill Ikemefuna, warning Okonkwo not to participate in the boy’s death. Ezeudu's death is a pivotal moment, marking the end of an era of traditional authority in Umuofia. During his funeral, Okonkwo accidentally kills Ezeudu’s son, leading to his exile. Ezeudu’s life and death underscore the significant cultural shifts occurring within the community.
Mr. Kiaga
Mr. Kiaga is an Igbo convert and interpreter for the Christian missionaries. Tasked with establishing a foothold in Mbanta, he becomes a central figure in the church’s local affairs. Mr. Kiaga's inclusive approach, particularly his acceptance of the osu, or outcasts, into the church, demonstrates his commitment to the Christian message of acceptance and equality. His leadership plays a crucial role in stabilizing the church community during a time of transition and tension.
Expert Q&A
What philosophy is revealed by Mr. Kiaga's decision to accept outcasts in Things Fall Apart?
Mr. Kiaga's decision to accept outcasts into the church in Things Fall Apart reflects a philosophy of inclusivity and rejection of traditional tribal exclusion. By encouraging outcasts to shave their hair, a symbol of their rejection, Mr. Kiaga emphasizes a Christian message of acceptance and equality, suggesting that all people are equal before God. This act challenges the tribal norms and offers a new hope for those marginalized by society.
Enoch
Enoch is a fervent convert to Christianity, known for his extreme acts under Reverend Smith’s encouragement. His most notorious deed is unmasking an egwugwu, a revered ancestral spirit, an act considered a grave offense in Umuofia. This single act ignites conflict between the villagers and the missionaries, representing the broader cultural and religious tensions faced by the community. Enoch's actions symbolize the destructive potential of fanatical belief when unchecked by cultural understanding and respect.
Expert Q&A
Why is Enoch disappointed in being hidden in the parsonage in Things Fall Apart?
Enoch is disappointed about being hidden in the parsonage because he hoped his actions would spark a holy war. In Things Fall Apart, Enoch unmasked an egwugwu, a grave offense in Igbo culture, which he believed would lead to a significant conflict. However, Mr. Smith, the missionary, hides him to prevent retribution against Christians, thwarting Enoch's expectations of escalating the religious clash in Umuofia.
Nwoye's Mother
Okonkwo’s first wife, commonly known as Nwoye’s mother, is a figure of quiet strength and wisdom. She skillfully navigates the dynamics of a polygamous household, using her position to maintain peace and harmony among her co-wives and children. Her stories, rich with emotions like compassion and empathy, offer a stark contrast to the rigid masculinity embodied by Okonkwo. Her capacity for understanding and creating harmony within her family highlights the often-overlooked resilience and influence of women in Igbo society.
Ojiugo
Ojiugo is Okonkwo's youngest wife, whose youthful negligence provokes Okonkwo’s wrath, leading him to break the sacred Week of Peace. This incident results in punishment from the priest of the earth goddess, illustrating Okonkwo’s struggle to balance personal impulses with the community's spiritual laws. Ojiugo’s character, although minor, serves as a catalyst for exploring the themes of tradition and discipline within the familial and spiritual spheres of Igbo life.
Expert Q&A
Ojiugo's role and significance in Things Fall Apart
Ojiugo's role in Things Fall Apart highlights the traditional gender dynamics and family structure in Igbo society. Her significance is underscored when Okonkwo beats her during the sacred Week of Peace, an act that leads to his punishment and illustrates his volatile nature and the cultural expectations of the community.
Akunna
Akunna is a respected man from a nearby village, who engages in religious discussions with Mr. Brown. Through their dialogues, Akunna helps Mr. Brown to understand Igbo beliefs and practices, fostering a mutual respect that aids in the peaceful coexistence of the two cultures. Akunna’s character highlights the potential for dialogue and understanding between different worldviews, illustrating the complexities of cultural exchange in a colonial context.
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