The Yiddish Policemen's Union
The premise of the alternate history genre is that changing certain key events will radically alter the course of history. In Philip Roth’s The Plot Against America (2004), a faction of isolationist Republicans succeed in securing the party’s 1940 presidential nomination for Charles Lindbergh. He then goes on to defeat Franklin D. Roosevelt in the general election and adopts a pro-Axis foreign policy and an anti-Semitic domestic one. In The Man in the High Castle (1962), Philip K. Dick postulates that an attempt to assassinate Roosevelt in 1933 was successful. Therefore, the United States was unprepared for and loses World War II. By 1962, the United States is divided into three countries, one neutral, one pro-Japan, and one pro-Germany.
The premise of this alternate history novel, The Yiddish Policemen’s Union, is that a proposal made by Roosevelt’s Secretary of Interior Harold Ickes in the late 1930’s became law. He had offered to settle Alaska with European Jews fleeing from the Third Reich. The key event was that the nonvoting congressional delegate from Alaska, who opposed the proposal, died in an automobile accident. Millions of Jews accepted the invitation and settled in and around Sitka, a small town of fewer than ten thousand people in the Alaskan Panhandle. There was still a Jewish Holocaust, but “only” two million were killed rather than six million, and it is called “The Destruction.” Although it is not clear how these events followed, Nazi Germany defeated the Soviet Union in World War II. Presumably, the resources used against the Jews were applied against the Russians instead. Germany was itself defeated when the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Berlin in 1946. The state of Israel only lasted three months before the Arabs destroyed it in 1948, so the Jews were granted a sixty-year lease on what is officially called the Federal District of Sitka and unofficially “Alyeska.” The lease is only a few months from expiring, so the Sitka police department is under pressure to close its open cases, and most people are making plans to stay or move to other countries such as Madagascar, voluntarily or not. By 2007, more than three million people, sometimes called the “Frozen Chosen” or “Sitkaniks,” live there, and Yiddish rather than English or Hebrew is the official language. Instead of the Palestinians, the Jews displaced a Native American nation known as the Tlingits, who lived in the land surrounding Sitka. However, there were only fifty thousand Tlingits, and, unlike the Palestinians, none of the other Native American nations were in any position to support them.
The main point-of-view character is Meyer Landsman, a detective in the tradition of Philip Marlowe, Lew Archer, and Sam Spade. (There is a minor character in the novel named Spade, and the local crime boss is an even more obese version of the actor Sidney Greenstreet, who played the Fat Man in the best film version of The Maltese Falcon , 1930.) Having moved out of the house he shared with his former wife, for the last nine months Meyer has been living in the seedy Hotel Zamenhof when the night manager informs him that a dead body has been found in one of the other rooms. Although Meyer is off duty, he investigates. Known as Emanuel Lasker, the murder victim had a chess set in his room as well as two books on the subject. Meyer knew enough about chess to tell that he was in a complex endgame. He also knew that Emanuel Lasker was the name of a famous Jewish chess player in the early twentieth century and...
(This entire section contains 1730 words.)
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concluded that it was not the victim’s real name. The victim was also a heroin addict, as evidenced by needle marks and devices. He must have been a devout Jew at some point in his past, because he used a tefillin, a leather strap attached to a box containing passages from the Torah used in prayer, as a tourniquet. Lasker was shot in the back of the head, and the killer used a pillow to muffle the sound, so Meyer concludes that it was a professional hit. Meyer has the feeling, correctly as it turns out, that the arrangement of the chess pieces is an important clue.
Meyer’s father, Isidor, and uncle Hertz Shemets were both serious chess buffs, but their attempts to teach him the game only resulted in his hating it. Hertz and his sister Freydl had arrived in Sitka in 1941 and Isidor, a survivor of a concentration camp, in 1948. Isidor and Freydl were married in 1953. Freydl worked for a local newspaper while Isidor wrote articles on chess and drew a pension from the German government. Besides Meyer, they had one daughter, Naomi, who grew up to be a bush pilot. Isidor committed suicide when Meyer was a teenager, Freydl died of cancer while Meyer was in college, and Naomi died when her plane flew into a mountain under mysterious circumstances the year before. Meyer eventually discovers a connection between Naomi and Lasker.
Hertz Shemets attended law school in Seattle after the war and then joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He eventually rose to head their counterintelligence program in Alaska but was forced into retirement because of a scandal. A newspaper reporter discovered that he had been working on a private agenda to secure permanent status for Sitka as a homeland for the Jews and had been using illegal means such as bribing and blackmailing congressmen. Years previously, Hertz had had an affair with a Native American woman, a member of the Tlingit nation whose family claimed descent from their raven god, and the result was their son, Berko, whom Hertz adopted after she died. Berko, known as Johnny “the Jew” Bear to the Tlingits, converted to Judaism, became a police officer, and married Ester-Malke Taytsh, a Jewish woman. They have two sons, and Ester-Malke is pregnant with their third child at the beginning of the book. They provide Meyer with the closest thing he has to a family, although the elder Shemets is still alive and married to another Tlingit woman.
Berko and Meyer’s relationship is reminiscent of the one between the title characters in Michael Chabon’s earlier novel The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay (2000). Not only are they cousins but they are also partners in their professional lives and best friends. As teenagers, Meyer was supposed to teach chess to Berko, but his hatred of the game stopped him, so Berko has little knowledge of it. Berko’s Native American ancestry also suggests a connection with Chabon’s young adult fantasy Summerland (2002).
Meyer was married to Bina Gelbfish for twelve years, and they had been dating for five years before that. They also worked in the homicide squad together for four. However, they were partners on only one case, which they failed to solve, and they aborted their only child, a boy, after the doctor informed them he might have birth defects. After their divorce, she left for a year to train as a supervisor. When she returned, she became Meyer’s boss. It makes for a complicated relationship, to say the least. Because of the impending reversion of Sitka back to Alaska, she wants Meyer to flag the Lasker investigation as a cold case. He does not so much refuse as ignore her.
The investigation leads Meyer to the Einstein Chess Club, which meets regularly at the Hotel Einstein. The players recognize the man from his picture, but to them he is known as Frank. Meyer and Berko eventually identify the victim as Mendel Shpilman. He was the estranged son of the Hasidic rabbi and organized crime boss Heskel Shpilman. Mendel was a child prodigy at chess, Torah studies, and foreign languages. Healing miracles were associated with him, so many people hoped he was the Tzaddik Ha-Dor, the one man in his generation with the potential to become the Messiah. Another of his peculiarities was that his body temperature was two degrees warmer than normal. Twenty-three years previously, he angered his father when he refused to marry the nice Jewish girl his parents had chosen for him, and he disappeared. Meyer and Berko’s interview with the elder Shpilman goes badly, and they suspect the gangster already knew that Mendel was dead.
Meyer eventually discovers a conspiracy to destroy the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. This is the third holiest shrine in Islam and, according to tradition, the place where Abraham almost sacrificed his son Isaac. More important, it is known to be on the site where Solomon’s Temple stood. In Judaic tradition, the temple must be rebuilt before the Messiah can come. Furthermore, according to the book of Revelation in the New Testament, the temple must be rebuilt before the second coming of Christ. The conspirators, Meyer learns, are an alliance of fundamentalist Jews and Christians. While the fundamentalist Jews are very richly characterized, the fundamentalist Christians are poorly and thinly drawn.
Some readers might be put off by the Yiddish slang, inspired by the 1958 phrase book Say It in Yiddish by Uriel and Beatrice Weinreich, and the jargon Chabon has invented for the novel. However, such language usually can be understood from the context. Uniformed police officers are called “latkes,” and plainclothesmen are called “nozes.” “Black Hats” refers to Hasidic Jews, who also control organized crime in Sitka, “rebbe” to rabbi, “yids” to Jews living in Sitka, “Mexicans” to Jews living in the continental United States, “shtarkers” to muscle men, and “schlossers” to contract killers. They have cell phones, which they called “shoyfers,” cigarettes are called “papiroses,” and guns “sholems.”
Despite the convoluted plot, Chabon explores the issues of identity and assimilation in a world where people are not what they seem. The most devout ones are among the most corrupt, and the sleaziest are the ones with the most integrity. Many of the Sitkaniks want to become Americans, but the most they can hope for in the coming year is a green card. Meyer is more alienated than most, because he does not believe in God, which puts him at odds with the Orthodox Jews who compose most of the Sitkaniks. The reader will also see that he will have trouble becoming an American, if that is what he is allowed and chooses to do after Sitka reverts back to the United States, because he has trouble belonging to anything.
Bibliography
Booklist 103, no. 13 (March 1, 2007): 38.
Commonweal 134, no. 16 (September 28, 2007): 26-27.
Esquire 147, no. 5 (May, 2007): 44.
Kirkus Reviews 75, no. 5 (March 1, 2007): 185.
Library Journal 132, no. 4 (March 1, 2007): 68-69.
London Review of Books 29, no. 16 (August 16, 2007): 26-27.
The New York Times Book Review 156 (May 13, 2007): 10.
Time 169, no. 19 (May 7, 2007): 85.
USA Today, May 1, 2007, p. D4.
The Washington Post, May 13, 2007, p. BW03.