S. E. Hinton's works, particularly her novel That Was Then, This Is Now, have been both celebrated and critiqued for their portrayal of adolescent challenges and their use of literary techniques. As an influential voice in young adult fiction, Hinton has crafted stories that resonate with the struggles of youth, characterized by their realistic themes and memorable characters. Her novel is noted for its exploration of complex issues like loyalty, innocence, and the inevitable changes that accompany growing up.

Hinton's Impact on Young Adult Literature

In the landscape of young adult novels, Hinton’s contribution is monumental. With the publication of The Outsiders in 1967, she introduced a new tone to the genre at a time when there were few books available that addressed real issues faced by teenagers. As Hinton expressed in Speaking for Ourselves, there was a significant gap in literature for young adults, which she aimed to fill by writing about genuine adolescent experiences, diverging from the limited options like Mary Jane Goes to the Prom. Her work tackled subjects that were previously considered too controversial for young readers, such as those found in J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, which also drew scrutiny from censors.

That Was Then, This Is Now, published in 1971, continued this trend by portraying overt violence and drug references, which led to its place on various censored book lists. Despite this, the novel received critical acclaim, with many praising its realistic depiction of young and poor lives. Hinton's work was not without its detractors; some critics argued that the violence within her stories was unrealistic, likening her novels to "fairy tale adventures" despite their modern tone.

Character-Driven Narratives

Hinton’s approach to storytelling focuses more on her characters than on the problems they face, which she argues are more enduring over time. This character-centric method is evident in That Was Then, This Is Now, where she explores themes like race relations, drug abuse, and teenage violence through the experiences of her characters, allowing readers to form their own conclusions rather than being presented with clear-cut solutions. This resonates with young adult audiences who prefer narratives that reflect their own complex realities without didacticism.

The novel features cameo appearances by characters from The Outsiders, such as Ponyboy Curtis and the Shepard brothers. These appearances serve to illustrate the changes in times and contexts, reinforcing the novel's title. The inclusion of these characters, especially Ponyboy Curtis, offers a unique perspective for readers who are familiar with his story, adding layers to the narrative by presenting him through the eyes of different characters.

Themes of Change and Loyalty

The evolution of friendships and the loss of innocence are central themes in That Was Then, This Is Now. The transformation of the relationship between the protagonists, Mark and Bryon, captures the inevitability of change as they navigate the trials of adolescence. The novel revisits some themes from The Outsiders, but from a different viewpoint, highlighting the necessity for characters to adapt to their evolving environment, leaving behind the innocence of their youth.

One of the novel’s pivotal themes is the notion of honor among the lawless. Bryon’s decision to turn Mark in for dealing drugs, despite their close bond, underscores the complexity of personal ethics. This theme echoes in various crime narratives, where distinctions are made between acceptable and unacceptable actions, emphasizing individual moral codes.

Society and Subcultures

Hinton also explores societal divisions and the emergence of subcultures. In That Was Then, This Is Now, the introduction of Hippies into the existing dynamic between Greasers and Socs adds another layer to the exploration of social hierarchy and identity. Unlike Greasers and Socs, Hippies adopt a non-violent stance, symbolizing a shift in societal norms and the potential for peaceful coexistence.

Throughout the novel, the theme of loyalty is interwoven with the narrative, particularly through Mark’s unwavering loyalty to Bryon. This loyalty is tested and ultimately shattered when Bryon reports Mark's illicit activities, resulting in a profound sense of betrayal. This conflict highlights the nuanced nature of relationships and the consequences of changing loyalties.

Symbolism and Imagery

Hinton employs animal imagery extensively in the novel, particularly in her portrayal of Mark. The imagery evolves from depicting Mark as a "friendly lion" to a "dangerously caged lion," reflecting the shifts in his relationship with Bryon and his eventual entrapment and anger. This symbolic use of animal characteristics deepens the reader’s understanding of the characters’ inner turmoil and development.

Overall, Hinton's work in That Was Then, This Is Now and her broader oeuvre continues to engage readers and critics alike, challenging them to reconsider traditional narratives of youth and rebellion. Her ability to depict the nuanced lives of her characters has cemented her place as a pivotal figure in young adult literature, with themes that transcend generations and resonate well beyond the confines of the page.