The statement that Tess is more sinned against than sinner is supported by Hardy's portrayal of her as a victim of societal and cosmic forces. Hardy's subtitle, "A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented," underscores Tess's innocence despite her suffering from rape, abandonment, and societal judgment. Fate and societal double standards relentlessly punish Tess, illustrating her victimhood in a world indifferent to her fate.

In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, fate and destiny play crucial roles, shaping Tess's life through a series of tragic events beyond her control. Hardy portrays Tess as a victim of circumstances, suggesting that her suffering is predestined by a cruel and indifferent fate, which challenges the idea of free will and highlights the harsh realities of Victorian society.

Tess's responsibility for her misfortunes in Tess of the d'Urbervilles is limited. While she makes some choices that contribute to her suffering, much of her misfortune is due to societal pressures, Alec's predatory behavior, and external circumstances beyond her control. Hardy portrays Tess as a victim of fate, social injustice, and the rigid moral codes of her time.

Tess's statement, "Once a victim, always a victim—that's the law," reflects her resignation to the societal and personal forces that continually oppress her. It highlights her sense of inevitability and despair, acknowledging that her past trauma and social status will perpetually dictate her future, leaving her trapped in a cycle of victimization.

The tragic and ironic vision in "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" centers on the randomness of fate and the societal injustices faced by women. Tess's life is marked by external forces and personal flaws, such as her naivety, leading to her downfall. Hardy highlights the irony of Tess feeling guilt over her rape, yet not for murdering her rapist. The narrative questions justice and morality, reflecting Hardy's fatalistic view that life is governed by uncontrollable fate and societal standards.

Thomas Hardy is considered a naturalist because his works reflect a detached observation of human life, aligning with the naturalist movement that emphasizes scientific principles and the role of chance. In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, a key example of chance occurs when Tess's father learns of his noble ancestry by accident, leading to a series of unintended events. This underscores the naturalist theme where random occurrences shape characters' lives without moral or fateful intent.

Chance and coincidence in Tess of the d'Urbervilles highlight the tragic and predetermined nature of Tess's fate. Tess symbolizes rural England, which, like her, is being overtaken by industrial progress. Hardy uses Tess's character to mourn the loss of England's natural beauty to industrialization. The novel's symbolism underscores how Tess's life is not just a personal tragedy but also reflects broader societal changes.

This quote follows Tess's execution for Alec's murder, highlighting Hardy's fatalistic worldview. Before the quote, Tess faces her tragic fate, while afterward, Angel Clare and Tess's sister, Liza-Lu, move on, reflecting Tess's final wishes. The significance lies in Hardy's belief that human suffering is meaningless, with destiny controlled by an indifferent force. This theme recurs in Hardy's works, emphasizing the lack of control characters have over their fates.

Thomas Hardy creates conflicting forces to highlight the struggle of individuals against fate and societal changes. In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Tess is a victim of cosmic fate, reflecting Hardy's view of an indifferent universe. The novel also critiques industrialization, contrasting rural life with urban encroachment, and questions morality amidst religious hypocrisy. Hardy uses these conflicts to comment on the social and philosophical issues of Victorian England, expressing his views through the narrative.

Tess struggles with her faith throughout the novel. Her journey is one of discovering faith in herself and in others, as well as coming to terms with the meaning of Providence and how it has affected her life. At the beginning she feels drawn to church yet after being rejected by those who are there, she feels like an outcast and cannot return. Eventually, Tess learns to trust in Providence from within instead of taking comfort in others.