Themes: Existentialism
Existentialism is a central theme in Albert Camus's novel, The Stranger. The protagonist, Meursault, embodies existentialist ideas through his detached and indifferent approach to life. Camus uses Meursault's experiences, particularly his reaction to his mother's death, his relationship with Marie, and his trial and execution, to explore the absurdity and meaninglessness of existence. The novel illustrates the existential belief that life lacks inherent meaning, and any attempt to impose rationality or purpose is futile.
Meursault's detachment from society is evident from the beginning of the novel. He is indifferent to his mother's death, unable to remember the exact date and seemingly unaffected by the event. This detachment is highlighted in a passage where he observes those around him with clarity yet feels disconnected, as if they do not truly exist:
This illustrates Meursault's estrangement from humanity, a key aspect of existentialism.Never in my life had I seen anyone so clearly as I saw these people; not a detail of their clothes or features escaped me. And yet I couldn’t hear them, and it was hard to believe they really existed. (chapter 1)
Camus further explores existential themes through Meursault's reaction to a newspaper story about a Czech family. The story, which involves a man being killed by his own family who fail to recognize him, parallels Meursault's own experiences and his indifferent outlook on life. Meursault's reaction to the story is devoid of empathy or surprise, reinforcing the existential belief that life is inherently meaningless and random. He simply remarks that the man "was asking for trouble," showing his acceptance of life's absurdity.
Meursault's relationship with Marie also reflects existentialist ideas. He is emotionally detached from her, viewing their relationship as inconsequential. When Marie asks if he wants to marry her, Meursault responds with indifference, stating that it "made no difference" to him. He further explains that marriage is "of no importance," highlighting his belief in the absurdity of societal norms and relationships. This perspective is encapsulated in his response to Marie's question about love:
For Meursault, relationships hold no inherent meaning, aligning with existentialist philosophy.In the evening, Marie came to pick me up and asked me if I wanted to marry her. I said that it made no difference to me and that we could if she wanted to. She wanted to know if I loved her. I answered as I already had before, that all that meant nothing but that undoubtedly I didn't love her.
The novel's conclusion underscores the theme of existentialism. Facing execution, Meursault reflects on the absurdity of life and the inevitability of death. He expresses a desire for a large crowd to witness his execution, hoping they greet him with "cries of hate." This final statement reflects the existential belief that life is ultimately absurd, and the only certainty is death. Meursault's acceptance of this reality embodies Camus's existentialist philosophy, illustrating the senselessness of existence and the futility of seeking meaning in an indifferent universe.
Expert Q&A
What is the significance of the title "The Stranger"?
The book is called The Stranger in reference to the protagonist, Meursault. He is estranged from society because he does not adhere to its expectations or belief systems, as he believes that life has no reason or meaning.
What is an example of alienation in The Stranger by Albert Camus?
An example of alienation in The Stranger is Meursault's reaction to his mother's death. He shows no emotion, feels detached during the vigil, and is indifferent to societal norms, which alienates him from others. This detachment extends to his trial and imprisonment, where his lack of faith and emotional response further isolate him. Ultimately, he embraces his alienation, finding peace in the absurdity of life.
Why does Camus include the Czech family's story in The Stranger and its relation to Meursault?
Camus includes the Czech family's story in The Stranger to illustrate the theme of absurdism and Meursault's indifferent outlook on life. The story parallels Meursault's own experiences and his detachment from societal norms and emotions. He views the tragic events with a sense of inevitability rather than empathy, reinforcing the existential belief that life is inherently meaningless and random.
Is Meursault, in The Stranger, capable of love?
Meursault's capacity for love in The Stranger is ambiguous. While he exhibits sociopathic traits and lacks conventional loving behavior, his relationship with Marie shows glimpses of genuine feeling. However, these moments are overshadowed by his indifference and self-serving nature. The story suggests Meursault views love as abstract, raising questions about his sincerity and understanding of love, leaving his true capability for love uncertain.
What examples of Marxism, existentialism, feminism, and Freudian psychoanalysis exist in The Stranger?
Examples of Marxism, existentialism, feminism, and Freudian psychoanalysis in The Stranger include Meursault's detachment and lack of emotional depth with women, reflecting feminist critiques. Marxism appears in the subtle class distinctions in Algeria. Freudian analysis focuses on Meursault's relationship with his mother and his irrational actions. Existentialism is central, highlighting the absurdity and meaninglessness of life, culminating in Meursault's existential crisis.
What are examples of Existentialism, Fatalism, and Nihilism in Chapter One of Part I?
How does Camus' The Stranger (L'Etrange) develop his existentialist philosophy?
Camus' The Stranger develops his existentialist philosophy by illustrating the absurdity of life through Meursault, a character indifferent to societal norms and personal relationships. The novel highlights life's meaninglessness, as Meursault's lack of emotion at his mother's death and his indifferent response to Marie's marriage proposal demonstrate. His ultimate acceptance of life's absurdity, embracing the "benign indifference of the universe," underscores the existential belief that life has no inherent meaning beyond existence itself.
How does Meursault's view on truth in The Stranger compare to the Underground Man's in Notes from the Underground?
The nature of Meursault's threat to society and the justification of his death penalty in The Stranger
Meursault's threat to society in The Stranger lies in his emotional detachment and rejection of social norms. His indifferent attitude towards life, morality, and human relationships challenges societal values. The justification for his death penalty is not solely based on his crime but on his perceived moral indifference and failure to conform to societal expectations.
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