Further Reading
- Aguirre, J. M., “Francis Vielé-Griffin, ‘La Partenza’: A Symbolist Poem,” Studi Francesi 24, no. 1 (January-April 1980): 102-13. (Provisionally identifies the main features of Symbolist verse, then applies these concepts to an interpretation of Vielé-Griffin's 1899 poem “La Partenza.”)
- Aguirre, Ángel Manuel, “Juan Ramón Jiménez and the French Symbolist Poets: Influences and Similarities,” Revista Hispánica Moderna: Columbia University Hispanic Studies 36, no. 4 (1970-71): 212-23. (Considers the stylistic and theoretical influence of works by Rimbaud, Mallarmé, and Verlaine on the writings of Andalusian poet Juan Ramón Jiménez.)
- Balakian, Anna, The Fiction of the Poet: From Mallarmé to the Post-Symbolist Mode, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1992, 201 p. (Studies developments in Symbolist poetic and narrative theory after Mallarmé, focusing on writers such as Valéry, Rilke, Yeats, and Stevens as post-Symbolists.)
- Balakian, Anna, ed., The Symbolist Movement in the Literature of European Languages, Budapest, Hungary: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1982, 732 p. (A collection of essays on Symbolism largely devoted to the influence of the movement on twentieth-century literature, art, and music.)
- Bertocci, Angelo Philip, “Baudelaire, Les Symbolistes, and Modern Theories,” in From Symbolism to Baudelaire, pp. 169-203. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1964. (Evaluates the work of Baudelaire, viewing it as the most significant antecedent of the Symbolist movement.)
- Chiari, Joseph, Symbolisme from Poe to Mallarmé: The Growth of a Myth, Folcroft, Penn.: The Folcroft Press, Inc., 1956, 198 p. (Assesses the stimulus of writings by Edgar Allan Poe on French Symbolism.)
- Deak, Frantisek, Symbolist Theater: The Formation of an Avant-Garde, Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993, 300 p. (In-depth examination of conceptual affinities between Symbolist poetic theory and the intellectual framework of avant-garde theater in the twentieth century.)
- de Man, Paul, “The Double Aspect of Symbolism,” Yale French Studies, no. 74 (1988): 3-16. (Explores the theoretical duality inherent in French Symbolism as embodied in Mallarmé's focus on disconnection and Baudelaire's elusive drive toward poetic unity.)
- Goodkin, Richard E., “Zeno's Paradox: Mallarmé, Valéry, and the Symbolist ‘Movement’,” Yale French Studies, no. 74 (1988): 133-56. (Applies an antique paradox of motion and stasis to the quasi-metaphysical question of Symbolism's existence as a historically quantifiable movement, using Mallarmé poem “L'Après-midi d'un faune” and Valéry's “Le Cimetière marin” as poetic exemplifications of thematic immediacy and immobilization.)
- Jones, P. Mansell, The Background of Modern French Poetry: Essays and Interviews, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951, 195 p. (Describes the literary influences that gave rise to the Symbolist movement and traces the development of free verse in France.)
- Kearns, James, Symbolist Landscapes: The Place of Painting in the Poetry and Criticism of Mallarmé and his Circle, London: The Modern Humanities Research Association, 1989, 218 p. (Details the relationship between French Symbolist poetry and the painting of Gauguin, Manet, Seurat, and others.)
- Kelley, David, “Degas: Naturalist Novelist or Symbolist Poet?” French Studies 38 (1984): 306-18. (Asserts the ambivalent position of Degas's painting between Naturalist and Symbolist aesthetics.)
- Kovach, Thomas A., “A New Kind of Poetry: Hofmannsthal and the French Symbolists,” Comparative Literature 37, no. 1 (winter 1985): 50-66. (Presents evidence of Symbolist elements (inspired by the French lyrical tradition of externality) in the German poetry of Hugo von Hofmannsthal.)
- Lawler, James R., The Language of French Symbolism, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1969, 270 p. (Features essays on Mallarmé, Verlaine, Rimbaud, Valéry, Claudel, and Apollinaire.)
- Lehmann, A. G., “The Symbol in Art,” in The Symbolist Aesthetic in France 1885-1895, pp. 248-318. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1950. (Critiques Baudelaire's poetic theory of universal “correspondences,” the center of his aesthetic doctrine.)
- Lydon, Mary, “Skirting the Issue: Mallarmé, Proust, and Symbolism,” Yale French Studies, no. 74 (1988): 157-81. (Stresses the inherent enigmas of Symbolist poetry by concentrating on the writings of Mallarmé mediated through the literary perception of Marcel Proust.)
- McGuinness, Patrick, “From Page to Stage and Back: Mallarmé and Symbolist Theatre,” Romance Studies, no. 26 (autumn 1995): 23-40. (Traces the application of Symbolist poetic theory by Baudelaire and Mallarmé to the semiotics of theater, particularly as it is understood via the poststructuralist critical perspective of Roland Barthes.)
- Newmark, Kevin, Beyond Symbolism: Textual History and the Future of Reading, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991, 233 p. (Discussion of modern French literature informed by the “radical indeterminacy” of Symbolism as a literary movement.)
- Ratner, Marc L., “‘Anywhere Out of This World’: Baudelaire and Nathanael West,” American Literature 31, no. 4 (January 1960): 456-63. (Highlights the influence of the French Symbolist mode, and that of Baudelaire's poem “Anywhere Out of This World” in particular, on Nathanael West's novel Miss Lonelyhearts and other writings.)
- Robinson, Michael, “Finding a New Language: Strindberg and Symbolism,” Scandinavica: An International Journal of Scandinavian Studies 33, no. 2 (November 1994): 201-15. (Examines the tangential influence of Mallarmé and Baudelaire on the symbolic vocabulary of Strindberg.)
- Smith, Richard Cándida, Mallarmé's Children: Symbolism and the Renewal of Experience, Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1999, 304 p. (Elucidates links between Symbolist aesthetics and avant-garde reconceptualizations of society through art in the twentieth century.)
- Symons, Arthur, The Symbolist Movement in Literature, New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1958, 164 p. (A key critical study of Symbolism that introduced the movement to the English-speaking world by seeking to define its salient qualities and articulate the aims and techniques of its literary adherents in France.)
- Taupin, René, The Influence of French Symbolism on Modern American Poetry, translated by William Pratt and Anne Rich Pratt, New York: AMS Press, 1985, 300 p. (Probes the French origins of American Imagist and Modernist verse.)
- Temple, Ruth Zabriskie, The Critic's Alchemy: A Study of the Introduction of French Symbolism into England, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1953, 345 p. (Focuses on five English authors who served as transmitters of developments in late nineteenth-century French literature: Matthew Arnold, Algernon Charles Swinburne, Arthur Symons, Edmund Gosse, and George Moore.)
- Yoon, Ho-Byeong, “Encounters Between French Symbolist Poetry and Modern Korean Poetry,” Korea Journal 27, no. 10 (October 1987): 11-27, 52. (Argues that contact between French Symbolist and Korean poetry forced the latter away from the traditional restrictions of literary didacticism by about 1910.)
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