Sonnet 130 doesn't present or discuss a traditional conflict; rather, it satirizes typical romantic poetry of the time, specifically the kind that used hyperbolic language to describe a subject's beauty. Shakespeare pokes fun at this common poetic method by doing the opposite: describing the "mistress" in the poem by comparing her appearance, breath, and voice unfavorably to traditionally beautiful things like roses, snow, music, and goddesses:
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;
Coral is far more red than her lips' red;
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
I have seen roses damasked, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
And in some perfumes is there more delight
Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.
I love to hear her speak, yet well I know
That music hath...
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a far more pleasing sound;
I grant I never saw a goddess go;
My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground.
And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare As any she belied with false compare.
What is the conflict in Sonnet 130?
"Conflict" is an interesting choice of words—I assume you are referring to the difficulties with which the poet is struggling as he composes this sonnet. Shakespeare is here deliberately utilizing the tropes of romantic poetry and courtly sonnets—such as comparing the lover's cheeks to "roses" and her skin to "snow"—in order to criticize and subvert them. His difficulty, which is now clearly revealed to him, is that none of these tropes apply to his beloved, who is "dun" of skin and whose eyes are "nothing like the sun." On the contrary, the speaker is extremely aware that his mistress "treads on the ground" and that "false compare" would only serve to belittle his love for her. He knows that she is not conventionally attractive, does not hear "music" in her voice or think her breath sweet, so he finds it difficult to write a traditional love poem to her, but at the same time, his love for her is "rare" despite the fact that she does not fit into any of these conventions.
There may also be an element of self-mockery in this poem—if you look at Shakespeare's sonnets 1–126, written to a very traditionally attractive young man who fits the conventions of romantic poetry, he often compares that beloved to roses, nature, and the sun. It is simply that, in writing about his other love, the dark lady, he recognizes the inadequacy of these tropes in this context.
The "problem" in Sonnet 130 is that Shakespeare is attempting to write an over-the-top sonnet full of elevated language about a woman who is clearly only ordinary looking -- or perhaps even ugly. This is evident in his references to her breasts being "dun" (brown or gray) as opposed to white, her breath that "reeks", and her pale cheeks.
In reality, Shakespeare uses this sonnet as a parody of the typical over-inflated love sonnet. By writing the sonnet about an ugly woman, he draws attention to the types of descriptions that we are used to seeing in poems of this particular genre. In the end, however, Shakespeare does conclude by assuring the reader that he loves this woman. Perhaps this is likewise a commentary on love during his time as well; that a woman need not be perfect (like the subject of most sonnets) in order for a man to love her.