illustration of Elinor and Marianne Dashwood's faces

Sense and Sensibility

by Jane Austen

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Discussion Topic

Jane Austen's use of irony and contrast to portray characters in Sense and Sensibility

Summary:

Jane Austen uses irony and contrast in Sense and Sensibility to highlight the differences between characters' true natures and their outward behaviors. For instance, she contrasts Elinor's sense with Marianne's sensibility, and employs irony to reveal the superficiality and hypocrisy of characters like Lucy Steele and John Willoughby, thus emphasizing the moral and social themes of the novel.

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How does Jane Austen use contrast to create irony in Sense and Sensibility? What does her irony signify?

As the title indicates, one of the chief contrasts in the book is between the overly sensible and emotionally controlled Elinor and the sentimental drama queen Marianne. Their different temperaments are used to draw ironic contrasts between how the two view life.

Marianne is described as similar to Elinor except that she is:

eager in everything: her sorrows, her joys, could have no moderation. She was generous, amiable, interesting: she was everything but prudent.

Marianne's tempestuous way of throwing herself whole-heartedly into every emotion she is feeling at the moment causes her to condemn her sister for not falling immediately into the throes of love with Edward. When Elinor sensibly won't say she is head over heels in love with him, Marianne berates her:

Esteem him! Like him! Cold-hearted Elinor! Oh! worse than cold-hearted! Ashamed of being otherwise. Use those words again, and I will leave the room this moment.

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Esteem him! Like him! Cold-hearted Elinor! Oh! worse than cold-hearted! Ashamed of being otherwise. Use those words again, and I will leave the room this moment.

The irony in Marianne's statement is that Elinor is not being cold hearted—except for by Marianne's dramatic standards.

In a novel that profoundly recons with how our point-of-view impacts our judgments, Austen plays with Elinor's and Marianne's conflicting perspectives on what is a humble income to scrape by on. Marianne, in Romantic fashion, says she needs very little to live on. Elinor doesn't believe it, and she asks her to name a minimum figure. Ironically, Marianne's minimum is twice Elinor's idea of wealth:

"Perhaps," said Elinor, smiling, "we may come to the same point. YOUR competence and MY wealth are very much alike, I dare say; and without them, as the world goes now, we shall both agree that every kind of external comfort must be wanting. Your ideas are only more noble than mine. Come, what is your competence?"

"About eighteen hundred or two thousand a year; not more than THAT."

Elinor laughed. "TWO thousand a year! ONE is my wealth! I guessed how it would end."

In a famous scene early in the novel, readers learn that the girls's dying father asked his son, John Dashwood, to take care of his widow and daughters. The father's idea of adequate provision is far removed from what John and his selfish wife Fanny decide is enough for the women. It is a cruel irony that Mrs. Dashwood and her daughters end up with far less than their husband and father would have left them if he had made provisions in a will.

Finally, it is good to keep in mind while weighing contrasts that the story is told from Elinor's point of view. She is unaware until late in the novel that she suppresses her feelings too much. She has missed out on the warmth and comfort her sister could have provided, but she was overly self controlled. Ironically, the novel, at least in the beginning, satirizes the overly emotional sister.

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How does Jane Austen use irony to portray characters in Sense and Sensibility?

Among the many instances of ironic amusement that we can find in Jane Austen'sSense and Sensibility,a particularly funny and ironic situation occurs can be found in the dynamics of the Palmers.   

Mr. Palmer, judged as a "droll" in more than several occasions, is the exact opposite of his wife, the expectant Mrs. Palmer. She, who laughs aloud, speaks her mind, and is always talking, is quite a sociable and amiable character.

Mrs. Palmer also seems completely unaware of her husband's behavior. In fact, it seems as if she actually admires him and considers that he is open-minded, sociable, and nice. His mannerisms and the things that he does, however,  paint a completely different picture of him.

Mr. Palmer is perhaps the prequel of Mr. Bennet, fromPride and Prejudicein terms of the treatment he offers his wife (completely ignores her) and the people around him: aloof, and careless.

(He) was a grave looking young man of five or six and twenty, with an air of more fashion and sense than his wife, but of less willingness to please or be pleased. He entered the room with a look of self-consequence, slightly bowed to the ladies, without speaking a word, and, after briefly surveying them and their apartments, took up a newspaper from the table, and continued to read it as long as he staid.

This is merely their introduction, though, for we will find how Mr. Palmer keeps in constant state of oblivion regarding his wife:

How I should like such a house for myself! Should not you, Mr. Palmer?"

Mr. Palmer made her no answer, and did not even raise his eyes from the newspaper.

"Mr. Palmer does not hear me," said she, laughing; "he never does sometimes. It is so ridiculous!"

We also find that Mr. Palmer has a chance to go to Parliament, for which everyone else, except for himself, seems to be excited. So disinterested he is in his "here and now" that people even have to answer for him.

How charming it will be," said Charlotte, "when he is in Parliament!--won't it? How I shall laugh! It will be so ridiculous to see all his letters directed to him with an M.P.--But do you know, he says, he will never frank for me? He declares he won't. Don't you, Mr. Palmer?"

Mr. Palmer took no notice of her.

"He cannot bear writing, you know," she continued-- "he says it is quite shocking."

Finally, after inviting the Dashwood sisters to spend time with them in Cleveland, Mrs. Palmer once again speaks on behalf of her husband's alleged desire to have their company, and again speaks on his behalf in a very comical way.

Mr. Palmer is excessively pleased with you and your sisters I can tell you, and you can't think how disappointed he will be if you don't come to Cleveland.-

Considering that Mr. Palmer only speaks once or twice in the entire chapter, and perhaps even less later in the novel, it is impossible not to find the ironic amusement at this particular stamp from the story, where the characters are so disparate and dissonant.

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