Rushdie explores themes of race, culture, history, ethnicity, and nationality in multifaceted ways. A prominent method of this exploration is through the identity crises faced by key characters in the novel. Prior to the plane crash, Saladin is characterized by his strong urge to completely assimilate into British culture. Conversely, Gibreel is comfortable with his Indian identity, frequently expressing disdain and criticism towards British culture. Throughout the narrative, both characters experience profound changes as they struggle with identities split between two cultures. Gibreel’s eventual descent into madness and demise can largely be attributed to his inability to reconcile his love for Allie (who represents paleness, whiteness, and Englishness) with his Indian heritage, nationality, history, and culture.

Rushdie particularly highlights the challenges faced by immigrants in Great Britain, as many central characters undergo a difficult process of acceptance and integration into English society. The novel’s storyline can be seen as a metaphor for the British immigration experience, suggesting that each immigrant, especially those from India, must embark on a journey similar to that of Gibreel and Saladin. Rushdie examines how the experiences of immigrants like Saladin, who change their voices and personalities, contrast with those of more resolute and steadfast immigrants like Gibreel.

Both types of immigrants encounter a harsh and oppressive authority system in Britain. Racism is widespread among white English characters, particularly the police, who exhibit extreme violence and injustice towards Asians and Africans. Thus, Rushdie addresses not only abstract and philosophical questions about identity but also delves into the real-life struggles of people trying to find their place in a challenging and racist society. He also highlights the complexities of identity among Bombay intellectuals like Reeny and her friends, who discover that foreign cultures significantly influence their beliefs and self-perceptions.