CRITICISM

Aprile, Max. “Flaubert and the Irony of ‘le mot juste’: The Editions of Salammbô.” RLA: Romance Languages Annual 1 (1989): 227-31.

Highlights numerous omissions and changes from Flaubert's autograph manuscript of Salammbô to printed editions.

———. “Dureau de la Malle's Carthage: A Documentary Source for Flaubert's Salammbô.” French Studies: A Quarterly Review 43, no. 3 (July 1989): 305-15.

Claims Flaubert's considerable debt to an archaeological essay by Dureau de la Malle entitled Carthage as a source for Salammbô that was never publicly acknowledged.

Bart, B. F. “Male Hysteria in Salammbô.” Nineteenth-Century French Studies 12, no. 3 (spring 1984): 313-21.

Analyzes the figure of Mâtho as a male suffering from hysteria caused by sexual frustration in Salammbô.

Constable, E. L. “Critical Departures: Salammbô's Orientalism.” MLN 111, no. 4 (September 1996): 625-46.

Reads Salammbô as Flaubert's critique or reformulation of nineteenth-century Orientalism and its accompanying fetishes.

Curry, Corrado Biazzo. “Exoticism and Description in Salammbô.” In Description and Meaning in Three Novels by Flaubert, pp. 61-114. New York: Peter Lang, 1997.

Assesses the decontextualized imagery and anti-historical method of Salammbô.

Dallal, Jenine Abboushi. “French Cultural Imperialism and the Aesthetics of Extinction.” The Yale Journal of Criticism 13, no. 2 (2000): 229-65.

Links the aesthetic concerns of Flaubert's Salammbô to the “peculiar doctrine of loss and inconsequence” exhibited by French imperial ideology.

Deppman, Jed. “History with Style: The Impassible Writing of Flaubert.” Style 30 (spring 1996): 28-49.

Discusses Salammbô as Flaubert's fictional attack on the possibility of writing mimetic history.

Forrest-Thomson, Veronica. “The Ritual of Reading Salammbô.” Modern Language Review 67, no. 4 (October 1972): 787-98.

Illuminates the organizing principles of vision and speech in Salammbô.

Hohl, Anne Mullen. “Exotic Translation and the Readable Text.” French Literature Series 13 (1986): 65-77.

Highlights motifs of translation and indecipherability in Salammbô.

Jehlen, Myra. “Flaubert's Nightmare.” Profession (1995): 10-13.

Examines Salammbô as a sadistic novel that aspires to “an enhancement of beauty through evil.”

Kropp, Sonja Dams. “Under the Spell of the Gods: From Phoenician Legend to Carthaginian Character in Flaubert's Salammbô.” RLA: Romance Languages Annual 7 (1995): 100-6.

Regards Flaubert's use of the Phoenician myth of Melkarth and Masisabal as part of his symbolic delineation of character in Salammbô.

Lowe, Lisa. “The Orient as Woman in Flaubert's Salammbô and Voyage en Orient.” Comparative Literature Studies 23, no. 1 (spring 1986): 44-58.

Observes Flaubert's effort to eroticize and feminize the Orient in Salammbô and his travel writing.

———. “Nationalism and Exoticism: Nineteenth-Century Others in Flaubert's Salammbô and L'Education sentimentale.” In Macropolitics of Nineteenth-Century Literature: Nationalism, Exoticism, Imperialism, edited by Jonathan Arac and Harriet Ritvo, pp. 213-42. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.

Compares Flaubert's positioning of the Orient as an erotic female Other in Salammbô and his use of oriental motifs in L'Education sentimentale.

McKenna, Andrew J. “Flaubert’s Freudian Thing: Violence and Representation in Salammbô.” Stanford French Review 12, nos. 2‐3 (fall-winter 1988): 305‐25.

Considers the symbolic potential of the sacred veil of Tanit (the zaϊmph) in Salammbô, including its association with language and with the Freudian urges toward death and sexual desire.

Rose, Marilyn Gaddis. “Decadent Prose: The Example of Salammbô.” Nineteenth-Century French Studies 3, nos. 3‐4 (spring-summer 1975): 213‐23.

Views the figure of Salammbô as an embodiment of literary decadence.

Rubino, Nancy. “Impotence and Excess: Male Hysteria and Androgyny in Flaubert’s Salammbô.” Nineteenth-Century French Studies 29, nos. 1‐2 (fall-winter 2000‐01): 78‐99.

Maintains that Flaubert’s depiction of the male hysteric as androgyne in Salammbô inverts the traditional nineteenth-century scheme of sharply polarized sexuality while symbolizing a modern, impotent artistic process.

Schehr, Lawrence R. “Salammbô as the Novel of Alterity.” Nineteenth-Century French Studies 17, nos. 3‐4 (spring-summer 1989): 326‐41.

Characterizes Salammbô as a unique ‘novel of alterity’ that stands outside of, and is inassimilable with, the remainder of Flaubert’s writing.

Starr, Peter. “Salammbô: The Politics of an Ending.” French Forum 10, no. 1 (January 1985): 40‐56.

Probes the aesthetics of narrative ambiguity in Salammbô.

Steegmuller, Francis. “Salammbô: The Career of an Opera.” Grand Street 4, no. 1 (autumn 1984): 103-27.

Chronicles the history of Salammbô.

Strong, Isabelle. “Deciphering the Salammbô Dossier: Appendix 4 of the ‘Club de l’honnête homme’ Edition.” Modern Language Review 72, no. 3 (July 1977): 538-54.

Emends a portion of a modern edition of Flaubert's collected works concerning his research notes for Salammbô.

Wetzel, Andreas. “Reconstructing Carthage: Archeology and the Historical Novel.” Mosaic: A Journal of the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 21, no. 1 (winter 1988): 13-23.

Studies Salammbô as a literary subversion of the concept of archeological veracity.

Additional coverage of Flaubert's life and career is contained in the following sources published by the Gale Group: Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 119; DISCovering Authors; DISCovering Authors: British and Canadian editions; DISCovering Authors Modules: Most-studied Authors and Novelists; DISCovering Authors 3.0; European Writers, Vol. 7; Exploring Short Stories; Guide to French Literature, Vol. 1789 to the Present; Literary Movements for Students, Vol. 1; Literature and Its Times, Vol. 2; Literature Resource Center; Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism, Vols. 2, 10, 19, 62, 66; Novels for Students, Vol. 14; Reference Guide to Short Fiction, Ed. 2; Reference Guide to World Literature, Eds. 2, and 3; Short Stories for Students, Vol. 6; Short Story Criticism, Vols. 11, 60; Twayne's World Authors; World Literature Criticism.