Religious Themes
The narrative of Saint Joan unfolds amid the clash of conflicting values, where individualism and nationalism intersect with institutional power. At the heart of this drama lies a tension between the Roman Catholic Church, with its grasp on spiritual authority, and the nationalist sentiments embodied by the English and French political machinations. Joan of Arc emerges as a figure representing an individualistic defiance against these imposing structures. Her journey, while rooted in a nationalistic endeavor to liberate France from English domination, is primarily a personal crusade for spiritual autonomy, allowing her to define her faith on her own terms.
Joan's world offers little sanctuary for the ideals of love or charity. Instead, it is dominated by the pursuits of morality and patriotism, concepts often manipulated for political gain. The characters, whether religious figures or national leaders, engage in sophistry, substituting genuine conviction with strategic posturing. This is poignantly captured in the words of the Inquisitor, who professes a willingness to sacrifice himself, revealing the complex interplay of belief and power.
George Bernard Shaw portrays Joan as the quintessential Protestant hero, a figure both awe-inspiring and tragic. Her prowess as a military strategist is undeniable, yet her alignment with nationalist causes diverges from Shaw’s philosophy, which remains skeptical of the moral integrity of both church and state. Shaw's depiction of Joan suggests that neither institution can claim ethical superiority, reflecting his broader critique of societal structures.
Shaw's work, while firmly rooted in historical events, transcends its medieval setting to offer a broader commentary on the nature of power and human progress. Through Joan’s narrative, Shaw explores the concept of a "life force" propelling humanity towards a higher state of consciousness, suggestive of a potential for transcendence beyond the confines of historical and political limitations. This vision, although optimistic, acknowledges the formidable challenges posed by entrenched powers seeking to suppress transformative individuals who disrupt the status quo.
Treatment of Geniuses and Saints
The play highlights the world's frequent difficulty in embracing extraordinary figures like Joan. Despite her incredible accomplishments—such as triumphing at the Battle of Orléans, inspiring the French forces, and motivating Charles to claim his crown—she encounters hostility from those she helps and is eventually branded a heretic for challenging the Church's supreme authority. Her mystical connection with the saints in Heaven, which might be considered admirable, instead leads to her execution. Ironically, after her death, she is revered, yet people shrink in fear at the thought of her coming back to life, much like how her followers deserted her when she proposed going beyond traditional boundaries. The story suggests that society may temporarily accept exceptional people, but ultimately seeks to remove them, only to later honor them once they are no longer perceived as a threat.
Nationalism and War
Joan often embodies the principles of nationalism, particularly the belief that each country belongs to its own people, such as France to the French and England to the English. She is also associated with modern military tactics, preferring a serious and dedicated approach over the outdated feudal practices of seeking ransoms. According to Joan, soldiers should be willing to fight to the death for causes like nationalism. Her charismatic personality usually sways audiences to support her views on nations and warfare.
However, another character in the play, Stogumber, is portrayed as a dangerous nationalist extremist. Furthermore, in Scene IV, Bishop Cauchon argues that nationalism results in war and destruction. This complexity makes it difficult to determine Shaw's intended message for his audience.
Feminism
Joan is accused of donning men's attire and engaging in activities typically reserved for men, like being a soldier. In the Preface, Shaw criticizes historians who question women's potential for genius in "traditional masculine departments." The play champions a woman's right to pursue any profession or way of life, without being bound by traditional gender roles.
Miracles, Faith, and Sainthood
The miracles portrayed in the play can all be understood through logical explanations: hens may stop and resume laying eggs for a variety of reasons, natural phenomena can change the direction of the wind, and Joan's recognition of Charles might simply result from previous descriptions. Regardless of their supernatural origins, Joan’s miracles spark faith and draw followers. Her true miraculous gift lies in her ability to inspire others, such as instilling in Charles the courage to claim his crown, which she herself refers to as a significant miracle. In the end, the most remarkable aspect is Joan's innate genius, which has the power to influence people and shape history.