Richard Wilbur’s lyric poetry presents an intriguing case for literary analysis, as it does not adhere to the traditional linear progression seen in the works of poets like Chaucer or Wordsworth. Despite the lack of a clear developmental trajectory, Wilbur's poetry offers rich insights when examined for thematic and stylistic growth. This analysis delves into his skillful use of language, imagery, and poetic devices, showcasing the evolution of his creative power across different volumes.

Wilbur's Early Work and the Shadow of War

Wilbur's initiation into serious poetry was marked by the backdrop of World War II, a theme subtly woven into his first book, The Beautiful Changes. Although the war does not dominate the collection, its presence is palpable in the undertones of his poems. For instance, "On the Eyes of an SS Officer," one of the few poems explicitly linked to the war, captures the horror and complexity of wartime emotions through intricate metaphors and structured ambiguity.

The poem’s syllogistic structure juxtaposes images of ice and fire, evoking both disgust and philosophical reflection on the nature of evil. It achieves a delicate balance, as the poet grapples with expressing hatred while maintaining poetic elegance. This pioneering use of rapid, layered ambiguity sets the stage for Wilbur's evolving mastery over language.

Advice to a Prophet: Expanding the Poetic Horizon

In "Advice to a Prophet," from his 1961 collection, Wilbur transcends the personal to address universal anxieties in the nuclear age. The poem counsels a modern-day prophet, urging him to avoid the incomprehensible rhetoric of military might and instead focus on the tangible loss of nature, which mirrors human identity. Here, Wilbur explores the interconnectedness of language, perception, and self-awareness, challenging the reader to consider communication in a world stripped bare of its natural anchors.

This poem exemplifies Wilbur's shift from exploring the mechanics of poetic language to addressing more profound existential concerns. His deft handling of concrete imagery alongside abstract concepts underscores a maturation in his thematic scope, reflecting a broader engagement with the human condition.

The Evolution of Wordplay and Poetic Craft

Wilbur’s poetic journey reveals a sophisticated evolution in his use of wordplay and stylistic devices. His early work in The Beautiful Changes and subsequent volumes showcases his playful yet poignant use of language, evident in poems like "Potato" and "Bell Speech." These works feature puns rooted in colloquial and physiological associations, though they serve more to amuse than convey deep meaning.

As Wilbur's craft matured, his wordplay gained depth and significance, becoming integral to the poetic narrative. In Ceremony, the poem "Juggler" employs puns such as "gravity," "lightness," and "sole" to explore themes of balance, the divine, and the cyclical nature of life. Such linguistic dexterity transforms simple wordplay into a vehicle for profound commentary on the human experience.

Further Exploration of Language and Imagery

Wilbur’s later collections, such as Things of This World and Advice to a Prophet, continue to exhibit this refined use of language. The wordplay in "A Black November Turkey" and "Shame" enriches the poems' thematic layers, highlighting Wilbur’s ability to merge humor with satire, and his prowess in creating resonant imagery.

In "The Aspen and the Stream," Wilbur employs character-driven dialogue to explore philosophical themes through linguistic contrasts. The playful puns of the aspen contrast with the more somber reflections of the stream, encapsulating the tension between aspiration and resignation. This nuanced use of language illustrates Wilbur’s skill in embedding complex ideas within accessible poetic frameworks.

The Auditory Appeal of Wilbur’s Poetry

Beyond wordplay, Wilbur’s poetry captivates through its auditory brilliance. The musicality of his poems such as “Tywater,”...