Act IV Summary

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Scene 1

Bolingbroke is in the Parliament with his allies. He asks Bagot, Richard’s friend, about the identity of the murderer of his uncle, the Duke of Gloucester. Bagot indicates this was Aumerle. Aumerle denies the charge, calling Bagot a low man, and throws down his gage for a duel. Bolingbroke forbids Bagot from accepting the challenge. Lord Fitzwater, another of Bolingbroke’s supporters, throws down his gauntlet instead, challenging Aumerle. Many other noblemen join the fray. Bolingbroke breaks up the melee and says he will soon hold a trial to determine Aumerle’s truth.

York enters. He says the humbled Richard has willingly given up his crown and staff and appointed Bolingbroke heir. The Bishop of Carlisle, head of the church, intervenes. With the ordained king still alive, no subject can take his place. Usurping Richard is an unchristian act, as he is God’s chosen king, and will lead to the land being drenched with the blood of England. Northumberland arrests Carlisle for treason against the state. Bolingbroke bids Richard be brought immediately so he can appoint him king in public view, doing away with any suspicion about Bolingbroke’s claim.

York returns with Richard. Richard laments that though he is to give up his crown, he does not know how to give up his kingly bearing. He has not yet learnt how to flatter or deceive like a courtier. York urges Richard to make good on his promise and offer his crown to Bolingbroke. Richard extends the crown to Bolingbroke, saying he holds it on one side and Bolingbroke on the other. The ambiguous words make Bolingbroke question Richard’s intent. Richard responds “ay, no; no, ay,” adding further ambiguity, but he then submits his crown and scepter.

Northumberland announces that Richard and his allies must now be tried for their crimes. Richard refuses the trial, as Northumberland himself is guilty of treason against a king. He laments the humiliation which is now his lot. Rather than read a list of his crimes, he would look into a mirror as his reflection is a record of his crimes against himself. A looking-glass is brought to Richard. He looks at his image, breaks the glass, and asks Bolingbroke for a favor: he wants to be taken away. Richard is sent to the Tower for imprisonment and Bolingbroke prepares for the coronation.

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Act III Summary

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Act V Summary

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