Themes: Fate vs. Free Will
The first instance of cruel fate obstructing human intent is evident in the downfall of Clym's ambitious plan to educate the youth of Egdon. This highlights Hardy's theme and the tragic nature of his protagonist, as Clym turns away from material success and social prestige to make a positive impact on his community and their future. To fulfill this goal, he engages in an intense study routine, spending long hours reading in poor lighting to address educational gaps—gaps that the reader understands as self-identified. Clym is portrayed as a talented student, appreciated for both his originality and his proficiency in fundamental subjects of a British education. However, his pursuit of knowledge is derailed when he begins to show symptoms of a degenerative eye condition. It seems to be his destiny—or perhaps his genetic makeup—that he is predisposed to ophthalmia. His unwavering determination to enhance his knowledge before teaching others, coupled with rigorous self-imposed training and an inescapable predisposition, ultimately leads to the failure of his ambitions and subsequent despair.
A similarly foreboding sense of fatalism surrounds Mrs. Yeobright's demise. Upon closer examination, it becomes clear that this tragedy is also rooted in human actions, including a fair amount of stubbornness, pride, and fate. She dies after a taxing journey to Clym and Eustacia's cottage, where she is refused entry in one of the novel's most poignant scenes. Devastated, Mrs. Yeobright begins her return journey only to collapse from what seems to be heat exhaustion, exacerbated by an adder bite. In a final, dramatic conversation with the child Johnny Nunsuch, Mrs. Yeobright confesses she has a "burden which is more than I can bear," clearly alluding to her son's perceived rejection in his new home. She confirms this by sending Johnny for help, instructing him to tell his mother he has seen a "brokenhearted woman cast off by her son." This phrase lingers in Clym's mind after her death and deepens his sense of guilt. It remains debatable how much of Mrs. Yeobright's death, and its significant impact on all of Egdon Heath, is due to a whimsical or malevolent fate, and how much is a result of human will.
As with most Shakespearean tragedies, fate does not cause the disaster but rather magnifies the adverse effects of human choices. Mrs. Yeobright could not have chosen a worse time to seek reconciliation with her son, unaware of the complications surrounding her decision. In his classic work on tragedy, the Poetics, Aristotle observes that such disasters often arise from actions taken in ignorance. Clym and his mother have been estranged since he married Eustacia against her wishes; they have barely communicated, and Mrs. Yeobright and Eustacia recently had a dispute.
Mrs. Yeobright makes the unwise decision to entrust a substantial inheritance to the inept Christian Cantle, expecting him to distribute it equally between her son and niece. Unfortunately, Cantle ends up carrying the money on a night when gambling is taking place at the Quiet Woman Inn. Wildeve, who is particularly annoyed with Mrs. Yeobright at this time, decides to amuse himself by tricking Cantle into gambling the guineas she had given him. During this, Cantle inadvertently reveals where the money came from. Wildeve's greed intensifies due to his frustration that his mother-in-law does not trust him with knowledge of the inheritance.
Diggory Venn, witnessing Cantle being swindled, manages to win back the entire legacy from Wildeve in one of the novel's most ludicrous scenes, where they use glowworms to light their dice game. Mistakenly believing that the money belonged to Thomasin, and driven by his affection for her and disdain...
(This entire section contains 1659 words.)
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for her husband, Venn returns the entire sum to her. Hardy, with his all-knowing narrative style, describes this as "anerror which afterwards helped to cause more misfortune than treble the loss of money could have done" [emphasis added]. Venn's error was innocent, as he merely sought to correct the cynical exploitation of the naive Cantle. Yet, this sequence of events was set in motion by Mrs. Yeobright's ill-judged decision to trust Cantle, who found himself amidst the gambling.
This detailed account highlights how chance magnifies the consequences of human mistakes in judgment (Mrs. Yeobright) and fact (Venn). The interaction between Mrs. Yeobright and Eustacia results in growing animosity, fueled by the mother's renewed suspicions about her daughter-in-law and Eustacia's confusion regarding the money Mrs. Yeobright mentioned. After several discussions with Venn, who is wary of Wildeve’s increasing interest in Eustacia, Mrs. Yeobright resolves to take the challenging first step toward reconciliation. Coincidentally, Clym has also decided to visit his mother to begin mending their relationship.
Mrs. Yeobright arrives at the worst possible time, on 31 August. Exhausted from the heat and unfamiliar manual labor, Clym has fallen asleep. Wildeve, feeling annoyed and increasingly threatened by Venn's interference, decides to visit Eustacia during the day. By coincidence, he arrives just before Mrs. Yeobright, but shortly after Clym has dozed off, dreaming of his mother. Eustacia, painfully reminded of her decision to marry Clym by Wildeve's refined appearance and manner, as well as the unpleasant encounter with Mrs. Yeobright, chooses not to answer the door. She assumes that the knocking will awaken Clym, thinking Mrs. Yeobright wants to see him anyway, and hopes Wildeve's presence won't need to be explained to either Mrs. Yeobright or Clym.
When Eustacia realizes that Clym is still asleep, she hesitantly opens the door, but it's already too late. Mrs. Yeobright catches a glimpse of a woman's face at the window and notices Clym’s tools near the gate, leading her to mistakenly assume that Clym is at home (which he is, though asleep) and that he “lets her shut the door against me!” She jumps to a grim conclusion, albeit a reasonable one, believing that Clym condones his wife's unwelcoming behavior toward his mother. This misunderstanding arises from the stubbornness of both parties, who failed to resolve their differences amicably, each waiting for the other to make the first move. When Mrs. Yeobright finally attempted reconciliation, circumstances tragically turned her effort into further estrangement.
The most evident instance of fate intervening in the Yeobright family's lives occurs during the unexpected and violent storm on the night Eustacia and Wildeve plan to escape to Budmouth. Although they had decided on their course of action days earlier, the storm was unforeseen, even on the evening of November 6. That night, the sound of the wind in Clym's fireplace feels like "the prologue to some tragedy." The storm's severity transforms their escape into a disaster, yet it is their decision to proceed despite the storm that seals their fate. Hardy describes the ominous weather over the heath as "like the rotten liver and lungs of some colossal animal," urging travelers to "dwell on nocturnal scenes of disaster." Although the storm is threatening, their choice to flee to Budmouth takes precedence. Thus, it is not the storm itself that causes their downfall, but their reckless decision to follow through with their plan on a night when travel is inadvisable.
Two factors complicate this argument. First, the escape plan originates from a well-intentioned mistake by Charley, the love-struck peasant who sought to cheer up Eustacia after her separation from Clym. Remembering her enjoyment of the Guy Fawkes Day bonfires the previous year, Charley secretly prepares one to lift her spirits. His actions, though meant kindly, inadvertently signal Wildeve. When Wildeve arrives, responding to this unintended call, Eustacia confides her profound despair. Torn between desire and compassion, Damon Wildeve agrees to help her escape from Egdon. Although there is no explicit mention of his intention to abandon Thomasin, most readers sense this outcome is implied in his decision. Charley's well-meant gesture, conducted in ignorance, becomes the catalyst for the ensuing disaster.
In a situation reminiscent of Tess's letter to Angel Clare in Tess of the d'Urbervilles, which goes unnoticed after slipping under the carpet, Clym writes a conciliatory note to his estranged wife. Their separation occurred following his discovery of the circumstances surrounding Mrs. Yeobright's death. Clym entrusts the letter to Michael Fairway, a peasant, to deliver it. However, Fairway forgets about the note, having tucked it into his clothing, and eventually delivers it to Captain Vye's home at ten o'clock at night. The Captain, absorbed in his drink and assuming Eustacia has gone to bed early, decides to give it to her the following morning. His daughter, meanwhile, is resting in preparation for her journey. As readers, we can only wonder if she might have reconsidered eloping with Wildeve if she had known Clym wanted to reconcile. In a manner akin to classical tragedy, fate magnifies the impact of human pride. Clym, fueled by pride and anger, waits for Eustacia to take the first step toward mending their relationship, despite having essentially driven her to return to her father's house. Although Eustacia and Wildeve have become involved since their chance meeting at the "gipsying," she turns to Wildeve again out of frustration, feeling abandoned by Clym's lack of intention to take her to Paris. Fate, through Michael Fairway's forgetfulness and a sudden storm, worsens the outcomes of human choices. The storm obscures the dangers of the heath, and a fortunate accident leads Thomasin, carrying her daughter, to Venn's van. Nevertheless, it is the decisions made by individuals that ultimately result in the tragedy in The Return of the Native. Hardy implies the tendency to blame fate for our actions when he describes Eustacia's response to Mrs. Yeobright's death: "instead of blaming herself for the issue she laid the fault upon the shoulders of some indistinct, colossal Prince of the World, who had framed her situation and ruled her lot." The author clearly disapproves of his character's easy escape from the determinist's dilemma: by attributing our wrongdoings to fate, in any form, we shirk moral responsibility. While Eustacia did not intend for Mrs. Yeobright's death, Hardy holds her accountable for the poor choices that led to her mother-in-law's despair.