In The Reluctant Fundamentalist, several characters embody the theme of being an outsider. Jim, Changez's boss, openly acknowledges his outsider status due to his working-class roots and possibly his sexuality. Changez himself feels increasingly alienated in America, especially post-9/11, leading him to reconnect with his Pakistani identity. Erica also represents an outsider, struggling with mental health issues that alienate her from the competitive American society. Each character illustrates unique aspects of outsider status.

The Reluctant Fundamentalist explores Changez's journey from embracing American ideals to becoming disillusioned with them. Initially, Changez immerses himself in American culture, highlighted by his relationship with Erica, symbolizing his affinity for America. However, post-9/11 prejudices and experiences of racism push him towards a reluctant fundamentalism, questioning American values and foreign policies. The novel's title reflects Changez's internal conflict and the broader theme of identity shaped by cultural perceptions and external pressures, ultimately challenging the reader's understanding of fundamentalism and terrorism.