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Did Henry VIII only make himself supreme head of the Church of England without making any other changes?
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Henry VIII did more than just declare himself the head of the Church of England; he initiated several reforms to make the Church more English and under his control. While he maintained many Catholic doctrines, such as transubstantiation and confession, he also introduced changes like services in English and the dissolution of monasteries. These reforms were primarily driven by political and dynastic concerns rather than theological innovation.
To begin with, you need to understand that before his break with Rome, Henry was a hardcore defender of Catholicism and the supremacy of the pope. In fact, he had written a pamphlet entitled "Defense of the Seven Sacraments" that attacked the Protestant Reformation, which at that time was just getting underway.
The immediate cause of Henry's break with Rome was the pope's refusal to annul Henry's marriage to Katherine of Aragon. Katherine had failed to produce a male child who lived beyond infancy, and she was getting beyond childbearing years. Henry needed at least one male heir to ensure the continuation of the Tudor dynasty, so he needed a new wife who could give him sons. On another level, Henry wanted the English Church to be an institution over which he had more control so that he could count on it to support him. Henry was no religious...
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innovator, and his break with Rome was much more about his style of rule and his dynastic concerns than it was about theology.
Most of Henry's reforms were aimed at making the Church more English and more subject to his will. To this end, he got Parliament to agree to the first Act of Supremacy (1534) which established the monarch as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Denying the religious supremacy of the king was considered high treason. The king had control over the nomination of bishops. The liturgy and readings from the Bible began to be done in English rather than in Latin, and the celebrant faced the congregation rather than turning away from them. England's monasteries were eventually dissolved and their extensive lands were distributed to Henry's supporters, which gave these men a vested interest in preventing the re-establishment of Catholicism.
Henry's church subscribed to the Protestant doctrine of justification by faith, but kept other Catholic beliefs and practices, including transubstantiation, auricular confession and penance, and communion in one kind by the laity (bread only). These beliefs were confirmed by the Six Articles (1539) and reaffirmed by the King's Book (1543). It is fair to say that on matters of doctrine, the Church of England under Henry VIII was a sort of Catholicism Lite. The king was in charge rather than the pope, but most of the other beliefs of the old faith were retained. It was not until the reign of Henry's successor, the boy king Edward VI, that the Church of England began to tread a more distinctly Protestant path under the influence of Thomas Cranmer, the reformist Archbishop of Canterbury.