The Ramayana main character Prince Rama standing with an arrow quiver on his back and holding a bow

The Ramayana

by Vālmīki

Start Free Trial

The Ramayana Summary

The Ramayana is a Hindu epic about the life of the legendary Prince Rama of Kosala.

  • Rama and his wife Sita are exiled from Rama's homeland. While in exile, Rama battles the demon king Ravan, who abducts Sita.

  • Rama defeats the demons and rescues Sita. They return from exile and Rama becomes king. However, false rumors spread about Sita's infidelity, and Rama sends her away.
  • Sita gives birth to Rama's sons and is recalled to his court. When asked to prove her virtue, Sita calls on her mother, Mother Earth, who defends Sita and takes her away to the land of the gods.

The Ramayana Study Tools

Ask a question Start an essay

Summary

Download PDF PDF Page Citation Cite Share Link Share

"The Ramayana" is a timeless and epic (24,000 verses and seven books/cantos) tale from ancient Indian literature that transcends religious boundaries and offers a captivating narrative for people of all backgrounds. Written by Valmiki in Sanskrit anywhere from 500-100 B.C.E., this Hindu text is a grand adventure story exploring universal themes such as love, duty, honor, and the eternal battle between good and evil.

The epic is a significant marker in the evolution of Hindu religious beliefs and practices. It incorporates elements of devotion to Lord Vishnu, particularly in his incarnation as Rama, which became central to the Bhakti (devotional) movement in later Hinduism.

Centuries ago, King Dasaratha of Kosala, without a child to take over his throne, turns to his trusted mentor for advice. The mentor suggests performing a special ceremony with the help of a wise sage, Viswamithra. After the ritual, the king's three wives each give birth to a son: Rama, Bharatha, Lakshmana, and Sathrugna.

Rama and Lakshmana accompany Viswamithra during a journey to protect the sage during a sacrifice. During this journey, Rama learns valuable knowledge about weapons and warfare from Viswamithra and hears the story of a demoness named Thataka.

Rama defeats the demoness at the site of the sacrifice and meets King Janaka and his daughter, Sita, with whom he falls in love. With the help of Viswamithra, Rama completes a seemingly impossible task and wins Sita's hand in marriage. The wedding is held in Mithila, and Rama and his brothers eventually return to their home in Ayodhya.

As Dasaratha ages, he designates Rama as his successor. Preparations for Rama's coronation begin, causing joy among most, except for Kooni, Kaikeyi's--one of Dasartha's three wives--confidante. Kooni manipulates Kaikeyi into fearing mistreatment by Rama as king. On a particular night, Kaikeyi requests that Dasaratha fulfill two past promises: to send Rama to the forest for 14 years and to bestow the crown upon Bharatha, her son. Despite reluctance, Dasaratha agrees. The following morning, Kaikeyi explains to the ministers, and when Rama arrives, he accepts exile.

Despite efforts to persuade him otherwise, Rama departs, joined by Lakshmana and Sita. Sathrugna helps them escape unnoticed. Dasaratha dies upon hearing of Rama's departure. After returning to the city, Bharatha learns of the situation, dresses in bark, and visits Rama, who remains resolute in exile. Bharatha decides to rule from outside the city.

Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita distance themselves from Ayodhya to avoid persuasion. They encounter Jatayu, Dasaratha's eagle friend, who vows to protect Rama. Soon, Soorpanaka, Ravana's demon sister in disguise, approaches and unsuccessfully attempts to seduce Rama. Distraught, she plans to harm Sita. Lakshmana intervenes, disfiguring Soorpanaka. Despite Rama's explanations, she remains hostile, leading to Lakshmana's decision to deal with her.

Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita move far away from Ayodhya to avoid interference. They encounter Jatayu, a loyal friend of Dasaratha's, who pledges to safeguard Rama until his return from exile.

One day, Soorpanaka, Ravana's demon sister, attempts to seduce Rama but is rejected. Enraged, she plots to kill Sita. Lakshmana intervenes, disfiguring Soorpanaka. Ravana learns of this and decides to abduct Sita.

Ravana seeks the aid of Mareecha, a reluctant demon. Mareecha transforms into a golden deer to distract Rama, leading him far away from Sita. When Rama shoots the deer, Mareecha imitates Rama's voice, prompting Sita to send Lakshmana to help. Disguised as a Brahmin, Ravana approaches Sita and reveals his true form. Sita cries for help as Ravana abducts her, taking a piece of the earth with her. Jatayu attempts to rescue her but is wounded.

Rama and Lakshmana enter the land of monkeys, meeting...

(This entire section contains 894 words.)

Unlock this Study Guide Now

Start your 48-hour free trial and get ahead in class. Boost your grades with access to expert answers and top-tier study guides. Thousands of students are already mastering their assignments—don't miss out. Cancel anytime.

Get 48 Hours Free Access

Hanuman and Sugreeva. They ally with Sugreeva, helping him defeat Vali. After the rainy season, Sugreeva summons his armies. Rama becomes despondent during the rains, but when the season ends, Sugreeva mobilizes his troops.

Hanuman and Angada search for Sita, finding her in Lanka. Hanuman informs Sita that Rama is coming, and she prepares for his return. However, Hanuman allows himself to be captured, later escaping and setting Lanka ablaze.

Ravana consults with his advisors, who advise against keeping Sita but suggest fighting. Vibishana, his younger brother, suggests returning Sita to Rama. Ravana banishes Vibishana, who joins Rama.

Rama, with Sugreeva's help, builds a bridge to Lanka. Ravana's soldiers are defeated, and Rama formally declares war. The battle is fierce, and Ravana joins, but he is defeated, as are his brother Kumbakarna and son Indrajit.

Ravana confronts Rama personally but is killed in battle. Rama tests Sita's purity before accepting her back. The gods remind Rama of his divinity, and Dasaratha visits him. Rama is urged to return to Ayodhya in time for Bharatha's sake. Vibishana provides a magical vehicle, and they reach Ayodhya just in time for Rama and Sita's coronation.

The narrator explains storytelling customs and mentions a sequel involving Rama and Sita's separation for morally questionable reasons, which is not covered in this narrative.

The story is rich in symbolism and moral lessons, offering insights into righteousness (dharma), the importance of fulfilling one's duties, and the triumph of good over evil. It also highlights the enduring power of love and the strength of familial bonds.

"The Ramayana" also provides glimpses into its time's social and political structures. It portrays the monarchy as the dominant political system, and King Dasharatha's rule in Ayodhya reflects the monarchical governance prevalent in ancient India.

Next

Characters

Loading...