Segregation and Its Absurdity
In the published edition of Purlie Victorious, Ossie Davis articulates a compelling justification for his play by highlighting the multifaceted absurdity of segregation. Davis contends that religious institutions, judicial systems, and theaters, all in their respective realms, denounce segregation for turning individuals—both white and black—into actors of immorality, illegality, and sheer ridiculousness. This assertion sets the stage for the satirical narrative that unfolds in the play.
Purlie Victorious is a comedic tapestry woven with elements of farce and satire, populated by characters that embody a spectrum of stereotypes. These characters are intentionally exaggerated to reflect the absurdity of their societal roles. Purlie, the protagonist, is a quintessential African American preacher, whose eloquence and influence are emblematic of his community's spiritual leadership. In contrast, Gitlow embodies the notion of submission, accepting the social confines imposed upon him. Meanwhile, Ol’ Cap’n Cotchipee represents the enduring legacy of racial intolerance entrenched in the Southern hierarchy. His bullwhip is a stark symbol of the violence and oppression that sustain the entire edifice of segregation.
Through its comedic and exaggerated portrayals, Purlie Victorious underscores the historical roots of these stereotypes, illustrating how deeply they are embedded in the fabric of society. By magnifying the absurdity of these roles, Davis not only entertains but also invites audiences to reflect on the inherent ridiculousness of segregation, challenging them to question its validity and existence in a world that should aspire to equality and justice.
Humor as a Realistic Portrayal
Purlie Victorious deftly combines elements of comedy, satire, and farce to provide what its creator, Ossie Davis, described as a "realistic portrayal" of the African American experience. Through humor, Davis sought to convey more than just quick laughs; he aimed to communicate the deep-seated sense of identity, historical context, and aspirations for the future that marked the lives of African Americans. Beneath the play's comedic surface lies a serious critique of American society, highlighting entrenched racism, stark class divides, and pervasive violence.
A poignant example of this dual-layered storytelling is evident in the character of Idella, the African American nurse and confidante to the white character, Charlie Cotchipee. Her advice to Charlie, urging him to temper his vocal support for desegregation, underscores the dangerous realities faced by African Americans. While Charlie, as a white man, risks a beating from those opposed to his views, Idella acknowledges the even graver fate that could befall an African American expressing the same sentiments—potentially death. This interaction captures the essence of Davis's intention, illustrating how humor can be an effective vehicle for exposing and challenging the harsh truths of society.
Civil Rights and Hope for Integration
In 1961, when Purlie Victorious first graced the stage, America was embroiled in a transformative era of civil rights activism. Segregation hadn't entirely dissipated, yet the persistent work of federal courts began to dismantle laws that enforced racial discrimination. The presence of figures reminiscent of "Ol’ Cap’n"—embodiments of the old oppressive guard—still lingered, but their influence seemed to be receding into history.
The symbolic burial of Ol’ Cap’n at the conclusion of Purlie Victorious poignantly represents the playwright's vision for the end of segregation. This act serves as a metaphorical farewell to an era defined by racial injustice. Concurrently, the character Charlie’s expressed desire to join Big Bethel embodies the author’s hope for an integrated future, one built on the principles of freedom and equality for all individuals.
Davis crafted a play that, while humorous and satirical in its presentation, carried a weighty and subversive message. It was a commentary on the pervasive challenges faced by African Americans in society, yet, it was also infused with optimism. The play’s narrative invites audiences to...
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envision a society where racial barriers are dismantled, and unity triumphs over division, echoing the broader aspirations of the civil rights movement during that pivotal time in history.
Overcoming Racial Bigotry Through Laughter
In Purlie Victorious, Ossie Davis wields the power of humor to confront and transcend racial bigotry. By deliberately employing stereotypes and racial clichés, Davis invites audiences to laugh at the absurdity of prejudice. This strategic use of comedy serves not only to entertain but also to dismantle the harmful assumptions tied to these stereotypes. Through the play’s characters, Davis illuminates the ridiculousness inherent in racial discrimination, encouraging viewers to reflect on and ultimately reject such biases. His approach underscores the potential of laughter to unite people and challenge entrenched societal norms by revealing the follies within them.
Economic Slavery and the Plantation Tradition
Ol’ Cap’n Cotchipee presides over the vast lands surrounding the farm, embodying a relic of the past where legal slavery may have vanished, yet a new form of bondage thrives. Economic slavery persists under his watchful eye, as he clings to the antiquated ideals of the old plantation society. This world is one where African Americans are seen through a lens of harmful stereotypes—portrayed as indolent and carefree, while the paternalistic figure of the master maintains a guise of benevolence.
In this distorted hierarchy, Cotchipee's power is unchallenged. He ensures all know their place, wielding threats of punishment to reinforce compliance. Even Gitlow, who has earned his trust, finds himself under the looming threat of physical violence should he dare to question the Ol’ Cap’n’s authority. This reflects the enduring legacy of control that lingers in his mind, a reflection of the entrenched social dynamics that once thrived on these lands.
Moreover, Cotchipee's desires extend beyond his economic dominion. Entranced by the allure of Lutiebelle, he acts on the plantation tradition's assumption that her presence is his for the taking, viewing her not as an individual but a conquest. Meanwhile, his son, a voice of modernity, repeatedly confronts him with the reality of progress—reminding Cotchipee of the Supreme Court's rulings against segregation. Yet, the Ol’ Cap’n’s patience wears thin with these confrontations, as he remains steadfast in his outdated beliefs, resistant to the winds of change sweeping through the land.
Stereotypes and Deception
Purlie and his companions, in a strategic dance of deception, exploit the entrenched stereotypes of African American identity to outsmart the domineering Ol’ Cap’n, the epitome of the old plantation owner. This clever ruse, as Missy puts it, is driven by Purlie's "best second hand education"—a testament to his shrewdness and recognition of the socio-political landscape of the conservative South. Despite acknowledging the constraints imposed upon him, Purlie remains steadfast in his confidence to outmaneuver the old man.
While Purlie initially threatens physical retaliation against the Ol’ Cap’n for his inappropriate advances towards Lutiebelle, he ultimately advocates for nonviolence as the most effective strategy against segregation. This stance underscores his commitment to addressing racial injustices through peaceful means, reflecting a profound belief in the transformative power of such an approach.
Purlie's admiration for Lutiebelle, although exaggerated to the point of humor, underscores his appreciation for the intrinsic beauty of blackness. His words serve not only as flattery but also as an assertion of his deeply held values about racial pride. Through these actions and beliefs, Purlie becomes a symbol of resistance, challenging oppressive norms while artfully navigating a world fraught with stereotypes and deception.
Uncle Tom Figure and Appeasement
Gitlow, Purlie's brother, embodies the archetype of the Uncle Tom figure in a complex narrative of power dynamics and survival. As Ol’ Cap’n’s ostensibly loyal worker, Gitlow is acutely aware that his new role as Deputy for the Colored offers no real protection against the unpredictable anger and possible violence from his employer. Despite this precarious position, Gitlow navigates his reality by outwardly endorsing Ol’ Cap’n’s views on race relations, effectively playing the part of the compliant subordinate. This act of appeasement serves as a strategic maneuver, allowing Gitlow to endure within a system that thrives on subjugation and control, even as it demands the erosion of his dignity and self-worth.
The Aunty Figure and Subtle Power
The character of Missy at first glance might appear to fit the conventional mold of the "Aunty" figure—warm, generous, and ever-accommodating. However, beneath this genial exterior lies a shrewd observer, one who navigates her world with clarity and purpose. Her relationship with Purlie is a testament to her nuanced understanding of those around her. As a devoted sister-in-law, Missy harbors deep affection for Purlie yet remains perceptive about his ever-changing persona. She astutely remarks to Lutiebelle that each encounter with Purlie reveals a different facet of him, underscoring her keen insight into his character.
Moreover, Missy possesses a discerning eye when it comes to her husband, acknowledging his "Uncle Tom" tendencies. She deftly manages the balance of power in her household, knowing precisely when to assert her influence. This subtle command enables her to assist Purlie in his quest to secure the funds, showcasing her ability to manipulate situations to her advantage. Missy's blend of kindness and strategic acumen paints a portrait of a woman who defies simplistic categorization, embodying a quiet yet formidable strength.
Caricature of the House Slave and Lingering Effects of Slavery
Lutiebelle GussieMae Jenkins, with her grandiose yet ironically pompous name, epitomizes the caricature of the house slave, marked by her naive and almost foolish demeanor. Her inability to articulate a thought without invoking her mistress, Miz Emmylou, underscores more than just personal inadequacy; it reflects the enduring scars left by slavery's oppressive system and the systematic denigration of women. Through her lack of self-confidence and absence of pride in her own beauty and abilities, the dramatist deftly highlights the tragic aftermath of such a history, managing to convey a deep narrative impact without resorting to lengthy diatribes on stage.
Truth and Survival of African American Lives
The characters in the play, though they may initially appear as mere stereotypes, offer a profound insight into the nuanced reality of African American lives. Through their experiences, Davis skillfully unveils the subtle yet pervasive nature of racism. With a touch of humor, the play poignantly captures the resilience and ingenuity that African Americans have employed to navigate the lingering shadows of slavery’s legacy. This lighthearted approach does not diminish the depth of the narrative; instead, it enhances the truth of these enduring struggles, providing an authentic and relatable portrayal of survival and strength.