Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral

by Phillis Wheatley

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How do Rowlandson's A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson and Wheatley's Poems On Various Subjects, Religious and Moral reflect and impact sexism and racism?

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Both women writers were faithful Christians who portrayed their religious beliefs in a positive light and advocated for the equality of all people. However, Phillis Wheatley was enslaved and wrote about her experiences as well as those of other slaves. Both women writers used their writing to subtly address the sexism and racism they experienced.

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Both Phillis Wheatley and Mary Rowlandson were colonial American women writers who emphasized their Christian faith in their works. While both writers addressed the specific concerns of women in the early decades of American society, Phillis Wheatley was also enslaved, so her work directly addresses slavery, too.

Rowlandson's famous text is her account of her kidnapping by Native Americans in colonial New England. She was taken captive after an attack on her town and witnessed firsthand the lives and hardships of the native peoples as she travelled with them. However, Rowlandson focuses primarily on her Christian faith in the text, crediting it with giving her the strength to endure her ordeal. She is critical of the natives, as they were non-Christian and she saw them as heathens. Nonetheless, she looked to her Bible, gifted her by one of the tribesmen, for comfort.

One of the primary scenes in which Rowlandson's...

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role as a woman is highlighted occurs when her young child is sick and eventually succumbs to illness. She depicts herself as a fully devoted mother, in line with expectations for women, and particularly Christian mothers, at the time. However, when she sees a Native American woman lose a child, Rowlandson does not dwell on the mourning process and seems even to feel that her own grief is deeper and proves that she is a better mother. Eventually, Rowlandson gains freedom by being ransomed in exchange for money and goods. She is treated as an object of barter and as property, as many women were considered at the time as belonging to their husbands or fathers.

Despite Rowlandson's treatment as a property, she does not hold the literal position as another human's possession in quite the same way Wheatley does. There is no doubt that both women endured trauma at the hands of their captors/owners; however, Wheatley's race becomes an additional factor in her oppression. Despite her bondage, though, Wheatley writes appreciatively about God and the blessings in her life. In her famous poem "On Being Brought from Africa to America," she describes how moving to the American colonies enlightened her to Christianity and the love of God, taking her from her "Pagan land." Even though Wheatley's poetry could be considered conservative in the sense that she does seem to openly celebrate the faith of her enslavers and to feel genuinely grateful for the influence of religion in her life, some lines are subversive in their treatment of racial attitudes. For example, the aforementioned poem ends with these lines:

Some view our sable race with scornful eye, "Their colour is a diabolic die." Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain, May be refin'd, and join th' angelic train.
Here, Wheatley suggests that Africans should not be viewed as inferior to white Europeans/Americans because they are just as capable of being saved by Christ. By using "their" religion to justify her subtle argument, Wheatley appeals to the emotions and faith of her masters.
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