The literary legacy of Phillis Wheatley, the first African American poet to publish a book in colonial America, remains a subject of intense debate and admiration. Her work offers a unique perspective on the intellectual and spiritual capacities of Africans during a time when their humanity was often questioned. Despite the ambivalence surrounding the quality of her poetry, Wheatley's contributions to literature and history cannot be overlooked.

The Neoclassical Tradition and Wheatley's Influences

Wheatley's poetry is distinctly marked by the neoclassical style, characterized by polished diction, conventional figures of speech, classical allusions, and emotional restraint. Her early education was steeped in the works of Alexander Pope, particularly his translation of Homer's Iliad, which deeply influenced her writing style. Wheatley’s poems often reflect the decorum and moral duty valued in neoclassical literature, resonating with the societal expectations of her time.

Occasional Poems and Audience

Many of Wheatley's works are occasional poems, crafted to commemorate public figures and events, and characterized by controlled emotion. These poems centered around themes of morality, Christian duty, and patriotism, directed primarily at the white audience of Boston since her fellow slaves were generally denied education. Despite critiques of Wheatley for not more strongly opposing slavery in her work, she subtly addressed these issues within the permissible bounds of her era.

Subversion and Irony in Wheatley's Work

Wheatley’s poetry, though not overtly confrontational, employs irony and ambiguity to challenge the racial assumptions and expectations of her readers. She subtly critiques the hypocrisy of a society that fought for independence while maintaining the institution of slavery. Her works often imply that spiritual and social justice are interconnected, highlighting the inconsistency of Christian values with the practice of slavery.

"To the Right Honorable William, Earl of Dartmouth"

In this poem, Wheatley expresses her hopes for the newly appointed secretary of state for North America, William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth, whom she believed to be a proponent of abolitionist ideals. She candidly shares her personal longing for freedom, reflecting on her own "cruel fate" of being taken from Africa. Wheatley's appeal to Dartmouth is both a personal plea and a broader commentary on the colonial quest for liberty.

"To the University of Cambridge, in New England"

In her poem addressed to the students of Harvard, Wheatley contrasts her background with their privileged education, urging them to embrace Christian salvation and reject sin. Her emphasis on her race and servitude serves as a poignant reminder of the moral obligation to shun sin, including the sin of slavery. Wheatley’s exhortation intertwines religious duty with a subtle critique of societal injustices.

"To S. M., a Young African Painter, on Seeing His Works"

Wheatley’s admiration for Scipio Moorhead, a fellow African artist, shines in this poem. She praises his artistic talents and reflects on the transcendent power of imagination for both their crafts. Wheatley foresees a time in the afterlife where their artistic expressions would be free from worldly limitations, focusing on celestial rather than earthly subjects.

"Thoughts on the Work of Providence"

This poem is a testament to Wheatley’s reverence for the divine, as she contemplates God’s majesty manifested in the universe. She interprets the orderliness of creation as a reflection of divine love and mercy, urging humanity to recognize God’s presence through the natural world. Wheatley’s focus on celestial themes underscores her commitment to exploring spiritual dimensions in her work.

Wheatley’s Increasing Recognition

Phillis Wheatley's continued recognition since the 1970s attests to her role as a significant figure in American literature. Critics and scholars have acknowledged her contributions, particularly in the context of the American Revolutionary War. She tackled themes of...