Juan Valera, a leading figure in 19th-century Spanish literature, eschewed the prevalent literary movements of his time to craft a distinctive path. Dissatisfied with naturalism and realism, Valera championed a novel form, the psychological novel, which allowed him to delve into the inner lives of his characters rather than dwell on mundane external realities. His novel "Pepita Jiménez" serves as a cornerstone of this vision, blending his keen observation and elegant prose to explore complex human emotions and societal issues.

Valera’s Literary Landscape

During the height of naturalism and realism, Valera felt a distinct aversion to these approaches. Naturalism, with its focus on the coarse and unrefined aspects of life, and realism, which he saw as lacking imaginative depth, did not align with his artistic ideals. He sought a middle ground, believing that a novel should be inventive and entertaining. This led him to pioneer the psychological novel, which, while rooted in realism, turned its gaze inward to explore the intricacies of the human psyche.

Valera's position as a notable literary critic and novelist of the 19th century is undisputed, placing him alongside peers such as José María de Pereda and Benito Pérez Galdós. His aristocratic background afforded him an extensive education in law and religion, as well as a diplomatic career across Europe and the Americas. Valera's essays, touching on a multitude of topics, initially brought him acclaim, but it was his nuanced psychological character analyses that marked his lasting contribution to literature.

Style and Substance

Valera’s writing style is distinguished by its elegance and refinement. As the foremost stylist in his language during the 19th century, he excelled at subtly portraying human emotions. His characters are richly developed, with their relationships meticulously depicted through his balanced and sophisticated language. He rejected the notion that art should serve didactic purposes or dwell solely on the vulgar aspects of life, as was common among naturalistic writers. Instead, Valera advocated for art that inspires and highlights beauty, a belief that guided his literary endeavors.

Unlike many of his contemporaries who conformed to popular literary trends for financial necessity, Valera’s wealth allowed him the freedom to experiment with his literary theories. One such example was his adept use of local color, particularly the Andalusian landscape, which not only enhanced his narratives but also provided a backdrop for the psychological exploration of his characters.

"Pepita Jiménez": A Psychological Exploration

"Pepita Jiménez" epitomizes Valera’s literary ideals, employing love as a primary theme for psychological investigation. The novel unfolds through a series of letters, offering an intimate glimpse into the mind of Luis de Vargas, a seminary student grappling with his burgeoning attraction to the young widow Pepita Jiménez. These letters, exchanged with his uncle, the dean, and his father, provide a multifaceted view of Luis’ internal struggle between spiritual duty and physical desire.

Valera introduces readers to this narrative by presenting it as a manuscript found among the dean’s possessions. This framing device not only lends authenticity but also enriches the story with diverse perspectives, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of Luis’ emotional turmoil. The letters starkly contrast Luis’ perceived mysticism with genuine spiritual experiences, highlighting his misconceptions.

Critique of Religious and Mystical Aspirations

Drawing upon his vast knowledge of 16th-century ascetic and mystical literature, Valera critiques the inadequacies in the religious preparation of candidates for priesthood through irony and parody. Luis’ use of mystical language to disguise his true feelings underscores his confusion between religious devotion and human passion. His misguided belief in his divine calling reveals his pride and lack of readiness for life beyond seminary walls.

As Luis’ enchantment with Pepita grows, he confronts the realization that his supposed spiritual calling is a misinterpretation of his own desires. Initially steadfast in his commitment to take his vows, Luis eventually comes to terms with his true feelings and renounces his priesthood aspirations to marry Pepita. This decision is emblematic of Valera’s theme that true understanding of one’s self and desires leads to fulfillment.