Oliver Cromwell

PDF Cite

Oliver Cromwell, a towering figure in England's 17th-century history, was pivotal in the country's transition from monarchy to republic and back again. As a military leader, he redefined the battlefield with his innovative tactics and unyielding discipline, and as a political figure, he struggled to establish a stable government amid a turbulent era. His life and legacy remain subjects of extensive debate, reflecting the complexity of his role in English history.

Early Life and Education

Born on April 25, 1599, in Huntingdon, Oliver Cromwell hailed from a family with strong roots in the English gentry. His father, Robert Cromwell, was linked to the influential Williams family, who had benefited from the dissolution of the monasteries, and his mother, Elizabeth Steward, added to the family's social standing. Cromwell’s upbringing was deeply influenced by Puritan values, which were reinforced through his education under Dr. Thomas Beard at Huntingdon and later at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Although his academic interests leaned more towards equestrian pursuits than scholarly ones, he acquired a sufficient understanding of law during his likely attendance at the Inns of Court in London.

Following his father’s death in 1617, Cromwell returned to the family estate and married Elizabeth Bourchier in 1620. The couple enjoyed a harmonious union, producing four sons and four daughters. Cromwell’s early life was marked by a move from Huntingdon to St. Ives in 1631, and later to Ely in 1636, where he began to carve out a role in public affairs. Elected to Parliament in 1628, he was an active participant in shaping the Petition of Rights and supported the commoners as a justice of the peace. His Puritanism evolved into a profound faith, marked by a Calvinist understanding of sin and salvation, motivating his public service as a divine obligation rather than a pursuit of salvation.

Rise to Prominence in the Puritan Revolution

Oliver Cromwell might have remained a relatively obscure figure if not for the Puritan Revolution of 1640-1660. His political career gained momentum when Cambridge elected him to both the Short and Long Parliaments in 1640, where he supported radical measures like the Root and Branch Bill. As tensions between King Charles I and Parliament escalated into armed conflict in 1642, Cromwell demonstrated his commitment by raising a cavalry troop and financing Parliamentary defenses. His leadership was crucial at the Battle of Edgehill, highlighting the need for determined fighters committed to their cause.

By 1643, Cromwell had expanded his cavalry into a formidable regiment known as the Ironsides, renowned for their discipline and fervor. This force played a decisive role at the Battle of Marston Moor in July 1644, securing Parliament's first major victory. Cromwell's advocacy for a professional national army led to the creation of the New Model Army, from which incompetent officers were purged following the enactment of the Self-Denying Ordinance in 1645. His military prowess contributed significantly to the victory at the Battle of Naseby in June 1645, a turning point in the English Civil War.

Cromwell's Political Ascendancy

With the Civil War's conclusion in 1646, Cromwell returned to a Parliament fraught with internal divisions and the obstinacy of Charles I. As a proponent of the Congregationalist viewpoint, he clashed with Parliament's Presbyterian faction and opposed proposals detrimental to the army's welfare. Aligning with the army, Cromwell emerged as a key figure in political maneuvers, culminating in the military occupation of London and the suppression of Parliament’s authority.

When Charles I engaged the Scots in a bid for military support, the Second Civil War ignited, prompting Cromwell to lead campaigns against Royalist forces across Wales and Scotland. His military successes,...

(This entire section contains 1117 words.)

Unlock this Study Guide Now

Start your 48-hour free trial and get ahead in class. Boost your grades with access to expert answers and top-tier study guides. Thousands of students are already mastering their assignments—don't miss out. Cancel anytime.

Get 48 Hours Free Access

Already a member? Log in here.

particularly the decisive victories at Preston in August 1648, led to the purging of Parliament by Colonel Thomas Pride, leaving a "Rump" Parliament in support of the army. Cromwell's influence was integral to the trial and execution of Charles I in January 1649, marking the establishment of the Commonwealth of England.

Establishing a Commonwealth and Lord Protectorate

In the nascent Commonwealth, Cromwell focused on eliminating threats to the government, such as the Levellers within the army, and quelling opposition in Ireland with brutal efficiency at Drogheda and Wexford. His return to London in 1650 to address the Scottish threat resulted in a resounding victory at Dunbar, followed by the defeat of Charles II at Worcester in 1651.

Despite his military triumphs, Cromwell faced persistent challenges in stabilizing the government. The expulsion of the Rump Parliament in 1653 paved the way for the "Barebones" Parliament, which, after internal conflicts, ceded power to Cromwell, who accepted the "Instrument of Government." This constitution granted him the title of Lord Protector, but his tenure was marred by conflicts with Parliament and local governance overseen by major generals, which fostered resentment among the populace. Cromwell's acceptance of the "Humble Petition and Advice" in 1657 allowed him to appoint a successor and establish a new parliamentary house, although he declined the crown.

Cromwell's Religious and Foreign Policies

Oliver Cromwell's vision extended beyond mere governance to encompass a Puritan church settlement that tolerated dissent within limits. His policies established a Presbyterian state church while allowing Protestant dissenters to worship freely, though Catholics and Episcopalians remained excluded. Despite occasional measures against groups like the Quakers, Cromwell's era was marked by a significant degree of religious tolerance, including allowing Jews to return to England for the first time since their expulsion in 1290.

On the international stage, Cromwell sought to bolster England's stature, often couching his foreign policy in terms of Protestant solidarity. Yet, his actions consistently prioritized national interests, enhancing English naval power and securing territorial gains like Jamaica from Spain in 1655. His diplomatic maneuvers, including a treaty with France, facilitated English triumphs such as the Battle of the Dunes in 1658, underscoring the prowess of the New Model Army.

The End of Cromwell's Rule and His Legacy

Oliver Cromwell's death on September 3, 1658, marked the end of an era. Succeeded by his son Richard as Lord Protector, who lacked his father’s charisma and resolve, Cromwell's absence soon led to political instability. Within a year, Richard resigned, and the political vacuum threatened to plunge England into chaos until General George Monck orchestrated the restoration of Charles II, effectively nullifying the revolution Cromwell had championed.

Cromwell's legacy remained contentious for centuries, with his memory vilified by Royalists and revolutionary radicals alike. Although his military genius and contributions to England's imperial power are undisputed, the religious motivations behind his actions invite complex interpretations. The Victorian Whigs later revived his reputation as a precursor to parliamentary democracy, while 20th-century perspectives varied, viewing him as either a dictator-like figure or a pivotal actor in England's revolutionary transformation. Despite his failure to establish a lasting parliamentary government and religious tolerance, Cromwell's efforts laid a foundation for the gradual evolution of English governance and society, balancing continuity with change.

Oliver Cromwell

PDF Cite

A prominent figure in English history, Oliver Cromwell was instrumental in shaping the nation's political landscape during the tumultuous period of the English Civil War. His military prowess and deep religious conviction enabled him to lead the New Model Army to crucial victories, securing his position as a formidable leader for over a decade. Cromwell's influence extended beyond the battlefield into governance, foreign affairs, and religious reform, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to incite debate and analysis.

From Country Squire to Military Leader

Originally a country squire with fervent religious beliefs, Oliver Cromwell distinguished himself by identifying and addressing the weaknesses in the parliamentary or Roundhead army against King Charles I. With no formal military training, he rose to the rank of captain of the cavalry, effectively showcasing the strategic acumen of a seasoned general. Cromwell's ability to connect with his men was unparalleled; he assembled a regiment of handpicked farmers and herdsmen who thrived under his leadership, disciplined yet inspired by their leader’s direct involvement and shared religious vision.

The New Model Army

Central to Cromwell's success was the creation of the New Model Army, a disciplined and cohesive force that played a crucial role in the defeat of the Royalist forces. Cromwell's army stood out not only for its military capabilities but also for its religious fervor. Soldiers were meticulously trained, and strict codes of conduct were enforced, with penalties for profanity and drunkenness. Prayer and hymn-singing before battles set this army apart from other European forces, further fueled by the conviction that their cause was divinely ordained.

Military Tactics and Victories

Known for his unorthodox military strategies, Cromwell's approach often involved striking the enemy at its center, creating confusion and vulnerability among opposing forces. His decisive leadership as commander in chief during the English Civil War led to several significant victories, including the defeat of Charles I's forces. The disciplined nature of Cromwell's army, combined with their unwavering faith, made them a formidable opponent, capable of facing larger forces with confidence and resolve.

Political Ascendancy and Governance

Following the execution of King Charles I, Cromwell was offered the crown but declined the title of king, despite living in royal splendor. Instead, he accepted the role of Lord Protector, ruling with the trappings of royalty but without the official title. His tenure was marked by the suppression of the Royalist resistance, including decisive actions in Ireland and Scotland. His victory at Worcester in 1651 effectively dismantled the Royalist threat, ensuring a prolonged period of republican rule.

Foreign Policy and Legacy

As head of state, Cromwell also steered England through complex international relations. He navigated the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Franco-Spanish War adeptly, bolstering England's commercial interests and enhancing the reputation of its military forces. Despite his successes, his rule was not without controversy, particularly regarding his actions in Ireland and his autocratic style of governance. Cromwell's death in 1658 led to his son Richard's brief and troubled leadership, culminating in the restoration of the monarchy with Charles II in 1660.

The End of an Era

Oliver Cromwell's impact on English history is profound, characterized by his ability to blend military strength with religious conviction. His legacy remains complex, with interpretations varying from a ruthless dictator to a visionary leader. Following the restoration of Charles II, Cromwell's body was exhumed and posthumously executed, a symbolic act of retribution by the restored monarchy. His life and actions continue to be a subject of fascination and debate, encapsulating the volatility and transformation of seventeenth-century England.