Illustration of a marlin in the water

The Old Man and the Sea

by Ernest Hemingway

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Themes: Luck versus Skill

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Many individuals place their faith in destiny, a concept that blends spiritual forces with luck. When someone experiences good fortune, it is often seen as a sign of possessing the necessary spiritual traits for success. On the other hand, when someone is unfortunate, as Santiago is considered after going eighty-four days without catching a fish, he is labeled by Manolin’s parents as salao, “the worst form of unlucky,” and thus someone to avoid. Santiago himself somewhat believes in luck. He feels optimistic that his eighty-fifth day of fishing will be fruitful and even considers buying that number in the lottery. Later, when his prized catch is half-eaten by sharks, he claims he would pay “what they asked” for a bit of luck “in any form.”

Earlier in the story, before Santiago lands the big fish, he muses, “It is better to be lucky [than unlucky]. But I would rather be exact. Then when luck comes you are ready.” In this reflection on the luck-versus-skill debate, Santiago clearly prioritizes skill. This preference is evident in his actions throughout the novel, from how he assesses the fish's strength by the tension on the line to how he manages and conserves his own strength for the upcoming battle. After his defeat, Santiago notes that the boy should not fish with him because “I am not lucky anymore.” However, Santiago quickly changes his mind when Manolin says, “we will fish together now, for I still have much to learn.” Toward the end, Santiago asks himself, “What beat you?” and answers, “Nothing. I went out too far.” Ultimately, Santiago understands that judgment and skill, rather than luck, determine success.

Expert Q&A

How does Hemingway portray the theme of luck vs. skill in the novella?

As an existential struggle, Santiago's story incorporates the concept of chance working against the experienced fisherman. Having lost his fisherman's luck, Santiago goes eighty-four days without having caught a fish. Nevertheless, he feels that his eighty-fifth day will be lucky although he does not take the boy out with him because the boy is not his and because Manolin's parents have "a lucky boat." While Santiago speaks of luck, it is skill upon which he relies. Even Manolin recognizes the paramount importance of skill as he tells Santiago,and Santiago concurs. When Manolin says "There are many good fisherman and some great ones. But there is only you," in response,Santiago says: "

What is the significance of luck to Santiago and Manolin?

Luck is significant to both Santiago and Manolin as it affects their success as fishermen. Manolin's parents consider Santiago "salao," or extremely unlucky, after 40 days without a catch, prompting Manolin to fish with a more successful boat. Santiago, however, balances his belief in luck with confidence in his skills, emphasizing precision and knowledge. While acknowledging luck's role, Santiago prioritizes skill, believing that being prepared allows one to capitalize on lucky opportunities.

What is the theme of bad luck in The Old Man and the Sea?

In "The Old Man and the Sea," bad luck is initially depicted through Santiago's long streak of unsuccessful fishing, which even causes the boy to leave him. Despite this, Santiago does not view himself as a victim of bad luck. He relies on skill, knowledge, and perseverance, believing in his ability to change his fortune. Ultimately, Santiago's resilience and his bond with the boy transcend luck, emphasizing human endurance and mutual support over mere chance.

What does Hemingway's quote suggest about the conflict between man and fish, and why does he reference the boy?

"'I'll kill him though,' he said. 'In all his greatness and his glory.' Although it is unjust, he thought. But I will show him what a man can do and what a man endures. 'I told the boy I was a strange old man,' he said. 'Now is when I must prove it.'"

Hemingway's quote highlights the conflict between man and fish as a test of endurance and perseverance. Santiago acknowledges the fish's strength but believes human endurance surpasses it. The reference to the boy, Manolin, underscores Santiago's loneliness and his need for companionship and validation. Manolin symbolizes youthful strength and serves as an inspiration for Santiago, reminding him of his own capabilities and motivating him to endure the struggle.

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