Illustration of Odysseus tied to a ship's mast

The Odyssey

by Homer

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Book 22 Summary and Analysis

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Summary

Odysseus shoots Antinous in the throat, killing him instantly. The hall is thrown into chaos, with the suitors cursing and threatening the beggar. Odysseus reveals himself and declares that the suitors’ actions in his home have earned them death. The suitors beg for mercy, offering to repay all they have cost him, to which Odysseus replies that their lives are the only payment he will accept.

Eurymachus rallies the suitors into fighting but is instantly shot by Odysseus. Telemachus runs to fetch Eumaeus and Philoetius, along with additional weapons and armor, while Melanthius sneaks in armor and weapons for the suitors. Telemachus spots Melanthius, however, and orders Eumaeus and Philoetius to stop him. The two capture Melanthius, bind his hands and feet, and leave him lying in the rafters.

Athena, in the form of Mentor, appears beside Odysseus and scolds him for not displaying the strength he had at Troy. She then transforms into a swallow and perches in the rafters, manipulating the suitors’ arrows so that they miss. Odysseus, assisted by Telemachus, Eumaeus, and Philoetius, slaughters the rest of the suitors mercilessly. They spare no one except the bard Phemios and the herald Medon.

The suitors are all dead. Telemachus calls on Eurycleia, who gathers the disloyal maidservants and instructs them to dispose of the bodies and clean the bloodstained hall. On Odysseus’s orders, Telemachus then hangs the maidservants, and the men brutally execute Melanthius. Odysseus orders the purification of his hall with fire and brimstone, after which his loyal servants crowd and kiss him while he cries tears of relief.

Expert Q&A

In Book 22 of The Odyssey, why does Odysseus kill the servants?

In Book 22 of The Odyssey, Odysseus kills the servants because they were disloyal during his absence, breaking the sacred bonds of loyalty that underpin ancient Greek society. Their betrayal not only disrespected him but also threatened societal foundations, necessitating severe punishment. Loyalty is a central theme, and Odysseus, as king, must dispense justice to maintain order and uphold his role.

In book 22 of the Odyssey, who is spared from death and why?

In Book 22 of The Odyssey, Odysseus spares Phemius, the minstrel, and Medon, the herald, after his son Telemachus intervenes on their behalf. Telemachus argues that Phemius was forced by the suitors to stay and perform, and that Medon had cared for him as a child. Odysseus is persuaded by Telemachus's plea and spares their lives, while other suitors are killed.

In Book 22 of The Odyssey, why does Homer use similes of a fly, cows, and a vulture during the battle description?

Homer uses similes of a fly, cows, and a vulture during the battle in Book 22 to illustrate the nature of Odysseus and Telemachus's attack on the suitors. The gad-fly simile depicts the suitors as mindless cattle, emphasizing their panic and helplessness. The vulture simile portrays Odysseus and Telemachus as predators swooping down mercilessly, highlighting the suitors' inability to escape and underscoring the attackers' relentless and animalistic ferocity.

In book 22 of The Odyssey, who is the first suitor to die?

The first suitor to die in Book 22 of The Odyssey is Antinous. He is the most arrogant and disrespectful of Penelope's suitors, even plotting to kill Telemachus and insulting Odysseus. As the unofficial leader, he abuses Odysseus's hospitality, making his death by Odysseus's arrow a fitting act of poetic justice and retribution for his treacherous behavior.

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