BIOGRAPHY

Vaillant, Janet G. Black, French, and African: A Life of Léopold Sédar Senghor. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990, 388 p.

Detailed biography of Senghor.

CRITICISM

Ahluwalia, Pal. “‘Negritude and Nativism’: In Search of Identity.” Africa Quarterly 39, no. 2 (1999): 21-44.

Provides a detailed account of the Negritude movement, from its beginnings in the 1930s and tracing it into the 1990s.

Ako, Edward O. “Langston Hughes and the Négritude Movement: A Study in the Literary Influences.” CLA Journal: A Quarterly 28, no. 1 (September 1984): 46-56.

Studies the influence on Hughes and other writers of the Harlem Renaissance on the Negritude movement.

Arnold, A. James. Modernism and Negritude: The Poetry and Poetics of Aimé Césaire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981, 318 p.

Essays on the work of poet Aimé Césaire in the context of the philosophy of Negritude.

Beier, Ulli. “The Stunning Vision of Aimé Césaire.” Quadrant 28, no. 11 (November 1984): 50-53.

Recollections of a professional relationship with Césaire, including a brief overview of his works.

Depestre, Rene. “Hello and Goodbye to Negritude.” In Africa in Latin America: Essays on History, Culture, and Socialization, edited by Manuel Moreno Fraginals, pp. 251-72. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1984.

Traces the development of the Negritude movement across several cultures and countries, defining it as a philosophy whose time has passed.

Kesteloot, Lilyan. “Léon Damas: Pigments.” In Black Writers in French: A Literary History of Negritude, edited by Ellen Conroy Kennedy, pp. 123-58. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974.

Examines Léon Damas's first collection of poetry, characterizing the collection, Pigments, as a groundbreaking text of the Negritude movement.

Livingston, Robert Eric. “Decolonizing the Theatre: Césaire, Serreau and the Drama of Negritude.” In Imperialism and Theatre: Essays on World Theatre, Drama and Performance, edited by J. Ellen Gainor, pp. 182-98. London: Routledge, 1995.

Maintains that Césaire's plays should not merely be studied as an extension of his poetry, and that this narrow interpretation of his work has led critics to ignore the significance of dramatic form and context of performance in the writer's work.

Senghor, Leopold Sédar. “The Negritude—A Twentieth Century Humanism.” ADAM International Review, no. 376-78 (1973): 5-10.

Defines Negritude and expounds on its relationship to contemporary humanism.

van Niekerk, Barend. “The Cult of Négritude of Léopold S. Senghor.” In The African Image (Négritude) In the Work of Léopold Sédar Senghor, pp. 97-132. Cape Town, South Africa: A. A. Balkema, 1970.

Summarizes the philosophy of Negritude using Senghor's literary work and African background as the basis for his discussion.

Wise, Christopher. “The Dialectics of Négritude: Or, the (Post)Colonial Subject in Contemporary African-American Literature.” In Postcolonial Discourse and Changing Cultural Contexts, edited by Gita Rajan and Radhika Mohanram, pp. 33-46. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1995.

Compares and contrasts the similarities and differences between the philosophies of Negritude and postcolonialism.