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Did Rainsford stay on the island as a ruler, or did he leave?
Quick answer:
Rainsford likely left the island after defeating Zaroff. Although the story leaves it open to interpretation, Rainsford was initially horrified by Zaroff's human hunting. His victory was to end the dangerous game and ensure his own safety, suggesting he would not continue Zaroff's practices. His peaceful sleep after the ordeal is more likely due to relief rather than a desire to assume Zaroff's role.
Ultimately, this answer can go either way. It is up to you.
I think a case could be made for saying that Rainsford chooses to stay on the island and continue hunting people like Zaroff was doing. Rainsford is a very good hunter. It's a passion of his. Beating Zaroff in a game of wits had to be a huge adrenaline rush. Rainsford might decide that he likes the rush of hunting people and being hunted by a fellow human being. The story does end with telling readers that Rainsford sleeps quite well after killing Zaroff. I sleep well when I'm content and happy. Rainsford might be content and happy with his newfound purpose in life.
Despite the previous paragraph, I don't believe that Rainsford would take over the island and Zaroff's position. Rainsford is horrified to learn about what Zaroff is doing. He argues against it on...
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moral grounds. I don't think that being on the run for three days miraculously changes Rainsford's moral position. I think the reason that Rainsford sleeps so well that night is because he is content and happy that his ordeal is over. He can now safely go home.