The theme of dehumanization is central to The Metamorphosis. Gregor Samsa's transformation into an insect is a literal manifestation of his dehumanized state. However, the story explores deeper layers of dehumanization beyond his physical change. Gregor's life before the metamorphosis already reflects a loss of humanity, as he is trapped in a monotonous job to pay off his parents' debts, highlighting the alienating nature of capitalist labor. His employer views him merely as a means to an end, further stripping away his individuality and humanity.

Before his transformation, Gregor's existence is marked by a lack of meaningful human interaction and a sense of being valued only for his economic contributions. This is evident when the clerk visits Gregor, treating him as a mere job-filling entity rather than a person. Such treatment underscores the dehumanizing effect of being seen only as a worker, devoid of personal worth or identity.

After Gregor's metamorphosis, the dehumanization intensifies as his family perceives him primarily through an economic lens. The family dynamics shift, revealing their dependence on Gregor's financial support rather than genuine familial love. His grotesque appearance becomes a source of embarrassment, and their willingness to harm him further illustrates their prioritization of economic stability over compassion and empathy.

"He was a tool of the boss, without brains or backbone."

Kafka's portrayal of dehumanization extends beyond Gregor's personal experience, suggesting a broader critique of capitalist and bureaucratic societies. These systems often reduce individuals to mere economic units, disregarding their humanity. This theme resonates with contemporary issues, as many people today still face dehumanization in various forms, whether through economic exploitation or societal marginalization.