Gregor Samsa

Gregor Samsa is the central figure in The Metamorphosis, a young traveling salesman who finds himself transformed into a grotesque insect one morning. His life, once defined by self-sacrifice and relentless commitment to his family's welfare, becomes a struggle for survival in his new, monstrous form. Despite his laborious work to pay off his father's debts and support his family, Gregor feels unfulfilled and dreams of a more satisfying career. His metamorphosis becomes a physical manifestation of his internal dissatisfaction.

As the novella progresses, Gregor becomes increasingly accustomed to his new body, although this detachment from his humanity isolates him further from his family. His appetite diminishes, and injuries he sustains exacerbate his weakening state. Ultimately, Gregor's life ends on the same night his family resolves to "get rid" of him, marking his ultimate sacrifice for their benefit. His death allows the Samsa family to move forward with newfound optimism.

Throughout his ordeal, the once-dutiful Gregor develops a hint of rebellion. He briefly asserts his desires by defending his possessions against his sister's attempts to remove them and later seeks solace in his sister's violin music. Yet, in the end, Gregor's characteristic self-sacrifice prevails as he willingly accepts his demise, recognizing it as a relief for his family.

Gregor's transformation and subsequent neglect by his family highlight the dehumanizing effects of the capitalist work ethic, where personal value is tied to productivity. His father, once reliant on Gregor's earnings, resumes work after Gregor's incapacitation, underscoring the family's dependence and the superficial nature of familial bonds strained by financial struggles.

Grete Samsa

Grete Samsa, Gregor's younger sister, begins as his primary caregiver post-transformation. A talented violinist with aspirations of attending a conservatory, she initially shows compassion and sensitivity towards her brother, though she remains cautious, avoiding direct contact with him. Her early efforts to accommodate Gregor, such as rearranging his room for easier navigation, reflect her initial commitment to his comfort.

However, as Grete assumes increasing responsibilities—including a job as a sales clerk and night training for clerical work—her patience wanes. Fatigued by her new roles, she becomes negligent in her care for Gregor and distances herself emotionally. Grete eventually comes to view her brother's insect form with revulsion, advocating for his removal from the household. Her transformation from a compassionate sister to an indifferent family member mirrors the broader decline in familial empathy and unity.

Following Gregor's death, Grete's own transformation is made evident. She blossoms into a young woman of marriageable age, and her parents look forward to a future shaped by her potential, symbolizing a renewal for the Samsa family.

Mr. Samsa

The patriarch of the Samsa family, Mr. Samsa, is depicted as a once-failed businessman who, after Gregor's metamorphosis, is compelled to return to work. Initially a slothful figure reliant on his son's income, his son's incapacitation forces him to assume responsibility, resulting in a transformation into a diligent bank messenger.

Mr. Samsa's relationship with Gregor is fraught with tension and aggression. He exhibits hostility towards his transformed son, resorting to violence to confine Gregor to his room and protect his family's order. His demeanor shifts from weakness to an austere disciplinarian, particularly when managing the household lodgers, to whom he defers until Gregor's death revitalizes his authority.

Despite his harsh treatment of Gregor, Mr. Samsa's newfound vigor post-transformation suggests a resilience and adaptability in adverse circumstances, ultimately contributing to the family's collective rejuvenation.

Mrs. Anna Samsa

Anna Samsa, Gregor's mother, embodies a maternal figure torn between sympathy for her son and horror at his new form. Her initial reaction to Gregor's transformation is one of shock and denial, yet she clings to hope and maintains a connection with him, often through her voice, which serves as a lifeline to his dwindling humanity.

Despite her intentions, Mrs. Samsa's frail health, compounded by asthma, hinders her ability to effectively advocate for Gregor. She frequently succumbs to emotional distress, particularly during familial conflicts concerning Gregor's fate. Her inability to influence decisions and her acquiescence to her husband's authority underscore her limited role within the family dynamic.

Anna's primary focus shifts towards her daughter's prospects by the novella's end, anticipating Grete's future marriage as a source of hope and continuity for the Samsa family.

The Chief Clerk

The chief clerk, a representative from Gregor's firm, serves as an embodiment of the rigid and unforgiving capitalist work environment. When Gregor fails to report for work, the clerk arrives at the Samsa residence to demand an explanation, displaying little concern for Gregor's wellbeing and instead prioritizing productivity and discipline.

His presence highlights the dehumanizing effects of a system that values punctuality and output over individual circumstances, symbolizing the external pressures that contribute to Gregor's alienation and despair. The clerk's swift retreat upon witnessing Gregor's insect form accentuates the stigma and fear associated with deviation from societal norms.

The Charwoman

The charwoman, an unflappable and pragmatic figure hired to replace the Samsas' previous servant, approaches Gregor's condition with a nonchalant attitude. Unlike other characters, she is not repulsed by his insect form and even refers to him endearingly as "the old dung beetle." Her practical nature is evident in her matter-of-fact handling of household tasks, including the discovery and disposal of Gregor's body.

Her dismissal following Gregor's death signifies the Samsa family's intent to cleanse their lives of the past and move forward, reflecting a broader theme of renewal and the erasure of inconvenient truths.

The Three Lodgers

The three lodgers, indistinguishable bearded men who rent a room in the Samsa household, represent a new source of financial stability following Gregor's incapacitation. Their arrival shifts the family dynamic, as they exert influence and demand compliance with their preferences.

The lodgers' presence underscores the transactional nature of relationships within the household, prioritizing economic gain over personal integrity. Their disgust upon discovering Gregor's existence and subsequent eviction by Mr. Samsa signal a turning point, as the family reasserts control over their circumstances and expels external threats to their cohesion.