Maxim Gorky’s career in drama is marked by rapid mastery and notable evolution in thematic focus. His works range from explorations of social outcasts to intricate portrayals of Russia's intelligentsia, delving into political and moral themes. Gorky's collaborations and inspirations, particularly from Anton Chekhov, enriched his dramatic nuances, making his plays significant in Russian theatrical history.

Early Influences and Chekhov's Impact

Gorky began his journey in drama under the significant influence of Anton Chekhov. Their correspondence began following the publication of Gorky's stories in 1898, a period when Chekhov was gaining acclaim for his theatrical contributions. Chekhov encouraged Gorky’s dramatic explorations, although he often critiqued Gorky's techniques. This relationship profoundly shaped Gorky’s early works, with Chekhov's influence evident in play structure and character development.

Smug Citizen

Gorky's inaugural play, Smug Citizen (also known as The Philistines), showcases a four-act structure reminiscent of Chekhov’s style. Set in the provinces, the play centers on a household in turmoil rather than complex plot developments. The narrative follows the household head, a painter's guild leader, and his children caught between familial expectations and aspirations for a better life. Despite criticisms of static characters and insufficiently developed protagonists, the play marked a promising debut, hinting at themes Gorky would continue to explore.

The Lower Depths

The Lower Depths established Gorky's reputation, premiering with the Moscow Art Theater under Konstantin Stanislavsky's direction. The play delivers a vivid portrayal of life "on the bottom," focusing on characters residing in a flophouse basement. Each character stands out with distinct traits, such as the fallen Baron and the struggling Kleshch. The narrative weaves through the lives of these outcasts, punctuated by existential themes articulated through characters like Satin and Luka, who embody contrasting philosophies of truth and consolation.

The play's structure and thematic concerns attract both criticism and praise. The fourth act diverges in style, yet effectively crystallizes the play's core themes. The poignant closing scene, involving the Actor's suicide, encapsulates the despair and fleeting hope that characterize the play's environment.

Summer Folk

In Summer Folk, Gorky examines the Russian intelligentsia's struggle to escape societal constraints. The play depicts characters divided into three groups: those at ease in their corruption, inept intellectual aspirants, and individuals seeking genuine change. Though not as vibrant as The Lower Depths, the play benefits from strong character portrayals and comedic elements. The presence of a staged play within the narrative highlights the artificiality of the "summerfolk," mirroring themes seen in Chekhov's works but transitioning towards Gorky’s unique style.

Old Man

The 1910s marked a shift in Gorky's dramaturgy towards morality plays, focusing on fewer characters and simplified plots. Old Man (also titled The Judge) exemplifies this transition, with its protagonist Mastakov, a successful man haunted by a past crime. His encounter with Pitirim, a fellow former convict, escalates into a moral examination, questioning suffering and judgment. Gorky's exploration of these themes critiques Dostoevsky's belief in the redemptive power of suffering, favoring a narrative where suffering seldom yields positive outcomes.

Yegor Bulychov and Others

Among Gorky's later works, Yegor Bulychov and Others stands out, portraying a merchant grappling with personal and societal upheavals. Bulychov's introspection upon learning of his terminal illness and the tumult of 1917 form the play's core. His acknowledgment of life's injustices and the collapse of his world bestows him with a sense of tragic dignity. Gorky's depiction of the socio-political decline through vivid, at times grotesque, events further illustrates his unyielding dramatic innovation.

Throughout his career, Gorky evolved from Chekhovian influences to develop a distinct voice in Russian drama, tackling complex societal and moral issues. His work continues to resonate, offering compelling insights into the human condition amidst changing historical landscapes.