In literature, a foil is typically a character who contrasts another and displays completely opposite qualities and traits. In Shirley Jackson's short story "The Lottery," Tessie Hutchinson is the only villager to arrive late to the ceremony. She is depicted as a rather free spirit, which sets her apart from the rest of her community. When Tessie's husband draws the marked slip of paper, she is the only community member to protest the proceedings; she claims that Mr. Summers did not give Bill enough time to draw his slip. Tragically, Tessie Hutchinson draws the second marked slip and becomes the village's scapegoat. Her family, friends, and community members proceed to follow the tradition by brutally stoning her to death. The fact that every community member holds different views than Tessie regarding the lottery and acts differently during the proceedings is significant, which is why one could argue that the entire community is Tessie's foil. Tessie is considered an outsider, while the rest of her community is considered insiders, who comply with the proceedings and support the barbaric lottery. Therefore, Tessie's entire society is considered her foil. It includes characters like Bill, Mr. Summers, Old Man Warner, Mr. Graves, and Mrs. Dunbar.

This is a fairly interesting question.  I think that if we operate under the assumption that Tessie is the protagonist, one could argue that the entire town is the foil to her.  The fact that Tessie is the outsider, the individual who is chosen to be persecuted by the townspeople, she would be the foil to the community, who becomes the antagonist in this setting.  It is slightly awkward to consider the entire community to be the foil to Tessie.  However, in this, one recognizes one of the most basic themes to the short story.  The idea of victimization and persecution is a fundamental element of the short story.  In this theme, the outsider is punished by the community, who operate as the insiders.  Tessie becomes "the outsider" when her name is drawn and the community who take up stones to pulverize her are the "insiders."  This would be why the entire community can be considered a foil to Tessie.