BIBLIOGRAPHY

Widdicombe, Richard Toby. “Edward Bellamy's Utopian Vision: An Annotated Checklist of Reviews.” Extrapolation 29, no. 1 (spring 1988): 5-20.

A comprehensive, annotated list of reviews, primarily of Bellamy's Looking Backward.

BIOGRAPHY

Bowman, Sylvia. “The Reformer: Looking Backward, Nationalism, Equality.” In The Year 2000, A Critical Biography of Edward Bellamy. pp. 9-152. New York: Bookman Associates, 1958.

Contains biographical information and discusses Nationalism as well as major themes of Bellamy's Looking Backward and Equality.

CRITICISM

Auerbach, Jonathan. “‘The Nation Organized’: Utopian Impotence in Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward.” American Literary History 6, no. 1 (spring 1994): 24-47.

Argues that the utopian ideals expressed in Looking Backward reflect changes in market society.

Gardiner, Martin. “Looking Backward at Edward Bellamy's Utopia.” The New Criterion 19, no. 1 (September 2000): 19-25.

Presents detailed analysis of Looking Backward and argues that early socialists were naïve.

Jehmlich, Reimer. “Cog-Work: The Organization of Labor in Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and in Later Utopian Fiction.” In Clockwork Worlds: Mechanized Environments in SF, edited by Richard D. Erlich and Thomas P. Dunn, pp. 27-46. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983.

Discusses the ideas on labor expressed in Looking Backward, and the novel's influence on other utopian works.

Kumar, Krishan. “Utopia as Socialism: Edward Bellamy and Looking Backward.” In Utopia and Anti-Utopia in Modern Times, pp. 132-67; 451-56. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell, Ltd., 1987.

Examines the treatment of socialism in Looking Backward.

Mullin, John R. “Edward Bellamy's Ambivalence: Can Utopia be Urban?” Utopian Studies: Journal of the Society for Utopian Studies 11, no. 1 (2000): 51-65.

Considers the relevance of Looking Backward and Equality to the history and theory of urban planning.

Parrington, Vernon Louis. “The Quest of Utopia.” In The Beginnings of Critical Realism in America 1860-1920, Completed to 1900 Only, pp. 301-15. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1930.

Contends that economic equality is at odds with democracy and argues that although Bellamy's ideas were flawed, his ideals were noble.

Riederer, Franz X. “The German Acceptance and Reaction.” In Edward Bellamy Abroad: An American Prophet's Influence, pp. 151-205. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1962.

Explains the influence and popularity of Bellamy's writings, primarily Looking Backward, in Germany.

Thomas, John L. Introduction to Looking Backward 2000-1887, by Edward Bellamy, pp. 1-88. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967.

Provides detailed analysis of several of Bellamy's writings, especially Looking Backward, as well as biographical information.

Walden, Daniel. “The Two Faces of Technological Utopianism: Edward Bellamy and Horatio Alger, Jr.” The Journal of General Education 33, no. 1 (spring 1981): 24-30.

Interprets Looking Backward as a technology-aided vision of utopia, and compares it to the writings of Horatio Alger, Jr.

Wilson, R. Jackson. “Experience and Utopia: The Making of Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward.” Journal of American Studies 12, no. 1 (1978): 45-60.

Examines the nostalgic aspects of the utopian vision Bellamy promotes in Looking Backward.

Winters, Donald E. “The Utopianism of Survival: Bellamy's Looking Backward and Twain's A Connecticut Yankee.” American Studies 21, no. 1 (spring 1980): 23-38.

Characterizes the economic state of the nineteenth century and compares the utopian visions of Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward to Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee.

Additional coverage of Bellamy's life and career is contained in the following sources published by Thomson Gale: Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 12; Literature Resource Center; Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism, Vols. 4, 86; Novels for Students, Vol. 15; Reference Guide to American Literature, Ed. 4; and St. James Guide to Science Fiction Writers, Ed. 4.