Student Question
What are dramatic irony, tragic irony, and the stages of irony?
Quick answer:
Dramatic irony is an effect by which the audience (or readers) possesses information that the characters do not. Tragic irony is a more specific subcategory of dramatic irony that involves tragic implications. Finally, the three stages of dramatic irony are implantation, exploitation, and resolution, and they shape the fundamental structure by which dramatic irony tends to operate within a literary or dramatic work.
Dramatic irony is created when the audience (or reader) possesses information that the characters do not. Tragic irony seems to be, in many respects, a subcategory of dramatic irony that involves specifically tragic implications. In this sense, dramatic irony seems to be broader and wider ranging: it can be used for suspense or tension as well as comedy or humor. Tragic irony, on the other hand, is much narrower in focus. Even so, the two are very similar and occupy a lot of common ground.
Dramatic irony is usually understood as unfolding in three stages (referred to as "installation," "exploitation," and "resolution"). For example, take, from the works of Shakespeare, a play like Twelfth Night. First, before he can take advantage of dramatic irony's effects, Shakespeare has to establish that dramatic irony to begin with. This can be found in act 1, scene 2, where Viola expresses her plan to...
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disguise herself as a eunuch and enter the service of the Duke.
As the play unfolds, the audience knows that Viola is actually a woman, though this fact remains unknown to the other characters she interacts with. From here, Shakespeare can exploit the dramatic possibilities of this scenario, as he has the character of Viola (still pretending to be a man) fall in love with Duke Orsino, even as Orsino's object of desire, Oliva, falls in love with the disguised Viola. This love triangle, and all the complications that surround it, can be understood as relating to the second stage of dramatic irony, where the author exploits its existence for the desired dramatic effect.
Finally, however, at some point, these tensions need to be satisfactorily resolved. In the case of Twelfth Night, the truth of Viola's identity is revealed (with Orsino and Viola being married at the end of the play). This is only one example of dramatic irony (and be aware, dramatic irony can be much more limited in scope, even pertaining to a single scene rather than an entire play), but it should always follow that same general structure.