As online access to the book William Penn and the Quaker Legacy by
John A. Moretta is limited, below are some ideas to help get you started
concerning how Quakers view debt, why William Penn
needed investors to help found the colony, and how those
investors influenced Penn's decisions. The following should
give you a better understanding of the situation to apply as you review your
book in search of Moretta's answers to your questions.
Quakers believe that every aspect of their lives is a direct
spiritual reflection of their communion with God. As a result, like many
religions, they see money as a useful means of fulfilling
spiritual needs. For example, money can feed and house the poor, provide aid to
war victims, help the sick, and provide many other comforts. But money can also
be a spiritual distraction , as it can nurture selfishness, leading to...
Unlock
This Answer NowStart your 48-hour free trial and get ahead in class. Boost your grades with access to expert answers and top-tier study guides. Thousands of students are already mastering their assignments—don't miss out. Cancel anytime.
Already a member? Log in here.
reckless spending and even dept. As West Hills Friends church phrases it, money can be seen as "theantithesis of everything spiritual"; as
West Hills Friends church further states, "When money is employed as a tool for
spiritual purposes, however, it can provide a home, an education and relief
from suffering" (West Hill Friends, "Money"). Therefore, Quakers would not
necessarily see money accrued from investments as a bad thing but rather a
beneficial thing; however, excessive debts to investors can certainly lead to
spiritual problems. West Hills Friends church further points out that wealth
was actually a very critical tool in making the colony of Pennsylvania so
successful. Pennsylvania was established with a thriving and suitable port, and
many Quakers became successful as merchants, entrepreneurs, and bankers,
helping Pennsylvania's economy to grow ("Money").
These wealthy merchants also became many of William
Penn's investors as he acquired the charter for the colony and worked
on writing the constitution. One reason why money was critical
for Penn in establishing what historians have really seen as a utopian colony
in terms of its peacefulness was due to the fact that much of the land
chartered to Penn belonged to the Delaware Indian tribe
Leni-Lenape. Quakers also believe adamantly in peace, so Penn was
certainly against the idea of trying to capture the land through military
conquest; besides, even the Swedes and the Dutch had already proved it was
impossible to defeat the Leni-Lenape in battle. As a result of wanting to take
the land through peaceful means, Penn knew he would need to establish a
peace treaty, which would require money. By
1701, Penn was able to purchase most of the land he needed for
the charter and sign the peace treaty of 1701 (American
Studies at the University of Virgina, "Penn and the Indians").
One result of needing to rely on investors to establish a peaceful and
prosperous colony was that the investors significantly influenced the
first constitution Penn drafted. In his article titled "William Penn's
Gentry Commonwealth: An Interpretation of the Constitutional History of Early
Pennsylvania, 1681-1701," author Richard Alan Ryerson cites scholar Gary Nash
as arguing that Penn's major investors "threatened to withhold
the major investments" unless Penn signed the "Fundamentall Constitutions,"
also called the Frame of Government, which placed the power over the
colony in the hands of the wealthy (p. 304). While Penn rejected
placing all power in the hands of the wealthy, the result of his investors'
influence was the Frame of 1682, which established two
parliamentary houses, an upper house and a lower house. The lower house was
made up of smaller landowners, while the upper house consisted of the wealthier
landowners. The lower house had no authority to propose legislation; the house
could only pass or reject legislation proposed by the upper house ("Frame of
Government of Pennsylvania"). However, the assembly who came together to
ratify the Frame of 1682 was made up of a non-Quaker majority, and they
rejected the constitution on principle that it gave the wealthy Quakers most of
the power. Instead, the Frame of 1683 was eventually ratified granting the
governor of the colony the right to pass or veto legislation passed first "by
the Governor and the freemen in Council and Assembly met" ("Frame of Government
of Pennsylvania"). Hence, the new constitution granted rights to all freemen,
not just landowners.
References