Student Question
Can Cleanth Brooks' "The Language of Paradox" be applied to African-American poetry? Give an example.
Quick answer:
Cleanth Brooks' concept of paradox in poetry can be applied to African-American poetry, such as Langston Hughes' "Democracy." Brooks argues poetry uses paradoxes to balance opposing ideas due to language's vagueness. In "Democracy," Hughes creates paradoxes like "Democracy will not come," suggesting democracy as something that arrives rather than is established. Similarly, the contrast between "compromise" and "fear" in the poem's first stanza creates a dynamic tension, illustrating Brooks' theory of paradoxical language.
In the article "The Language of Paradox," author Cleanth Brooks argues that poetry is made up of a language of paradox, meaning that poetry is made up of a "dynamic balance of opposing ideas, attitudes, and feelings" ("Cleanth Brooks' 'Language of Paradox'"; "Literary Formalism"). In his essay, Brooks particularly cites Wordsworth as an example:
It is a beauteous evening, calm, and free,
The holy time is quiet as a Nun
Breathless with adoration ... (as cited in "Literary Formalism")
Brooks particularly explains that there is a contradiction between
the words "breathless" and "calm" and "quiet." As Brooks argues, the
word breathless "suggests excitement" but Wordsworth has described the
evening as both quiet and calm (as cited in "Literary Formalism"). He further argues that these contradictions in words arise because "language is too vague" for poets to be able to express their intended messages without...
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creating paradoxes; poets must "make up" their own language as they go along, which creates paradoxes (as cited in "Cleanth Brooks' 'Language of Paradox'").
Based on Brooks' idea, it seems we certainly can see paradoxes in all
poetry, even African-American poetry. Let's look at
Langston Hughes' poem "Democracy" as an example. We can see
one contradiction in the very first line, "Democracy will not come." It can be
argued that democracy, as a form of government, is really something
established or created rather than something that "come[s]." To come
means to arrive; it can't truly be said that democracy is something that simply
arrives. However, Hughes, wanting to portray the African-American race as
waiting for the full freedom that's owed to them as American citizens, has
created a paradox to juxtapose the
freedom that is wanted with waiting.
We can further see a paradox in the last line of the first
stanza, "... Through compromise and fear." The word compromise is a
much less emotionally charged word than fear as compromise
refers to coming to a mutual agreement, while fear, on the hand,
describes unfortunate feelings caused by "impending danger, evil, pain, etc."
(Random House Dictionary). Therefore, similarly to Brooks' Wordsworth
example, the word compromise is a much more calming
word, while the word fear is much more emotionally
charged, creating a conflict, or paradox.
References