Discussion Topic

Energy and Tone in "Lady Lazarus"

Summary:

Sylvia Plath's poem "Lady Lazarus" conveys a tone of anger, bitterness, and sarcasm, reflecting the speaker's scorn towards society's objectification of her repeated suicide attempts. The poem's energy stems from its intense and aggressive language, using vivid imagery and sound devices like internal rhyme and alliteration. Plath likens her experiences to a performance, portraying herself as a victimized figure seeking revenge against oppressive male figures, encapsulating her struggle with identity and societal expectations.

Expert Answers

An illustration of the letter 'A' in a speech bubbles

What is the tone of the poem "Lady Lazarus"?

"Lady Lazarus" begins with a detached tone. The speaker (almost certainly Plath speaking as herself) remarks, with an off-handed and casual tone, "One year in every ten / I manage it—." The "it," of course, is attempting suicide, but these opening lines make it seem an almost passive action. She "manages" it, seemingly not even by design or purpose.

The tone slowly builds in intensity until the reader arrives at these lines:

Soon, soon the flesh
The grave cave ate will be
At home on me
And I a smiling woman.

At this point, the tone distinctively shifts to scathing. The use of both enjambment and a stanza break (to build suspense between her flesh being eaten while she is still a "smiling woman") highlights the "art" that she feels her attempted suicides are.

This is an interesting point of discussion—if "Dying / Is an art," it...

Unlock
This Answer Now

Start your 48-hour free trial and get ahead in class. Boost your grades with access to expert answers and top-tier study guides. Thousands of students are already mastering their assignments—don't miss out. Cancel anytime.

Get 48 Hours Free Access

would stand to reason that the speaker uses it (as most artists do) as an escape from life or the world. What, then, is Plath trying so hard to escape through her chosen "art"? The answer can likely be found in these lines:

The peanut-crunching crowd
Shoves in to see
Them unwrap me hand and foot—
The big strip tease.

The speaker feels that her life and pain are on display for an audience, which finds an entertaining quality in watching her repeated pain. They all "shove in" to get a closer look at the doctors who "unwrap" her, only to find that she is as human as anyone else.

Is the reader, by extension, now part of this crowd who finds some form of entertainment in reading of Plath's repeated suicide attempts? Plath reminds her audience that she is quite intentional in the methods she uses in trying to die:

I do it so it feels like hell.
I do it so it feels real.
Plath has been so objectified that people seem incapable of separating the poet from the woman who tries to kill herself. And still they press in, hoping "For a word or a touch / Or a bit of blood."

Although there is a bit of hope, in the ending of this poem, that the speaker will rise like a phoenix out of this place of objectification, her scathing tone toward an audience who stands by, pressing in for their own benefit, leaves readers wondering how much we are each responsible for the unhappiness of others.

Approved by eNotes Editorial
An illustration of the letter 'A' in a speech bubbles

The tone of the poem is angry, bitter, and aggressive. Plath opens by alluding to her suicide attempts: she tried to commit suicide at ages ten and twenty, and she is now thirty. She writes:

I have done it again.
One year in every ten
I manage it—

She then expresses her anger by reducing her body parts—herself—to things associated with death. She likens her skin to a "Nazi lampshade," an allusion to the Nazi's making lampshades out of Jewish skin during the Holocaust. She likens her foot to a paperweight, something heavy that holds her down, and sees her face as "featureless" and covered with "fine/Jew linen." These are all bitter images of immobility, death, and dehumanization, especially in her two allusions to the Holocaust. She envisions herself as a faceless corpse, like a Jew killed in the genocide.

Her anger comes through in the question of whether her face terrifies when you peel off the "napkin," the shroud-like fine linen, and expose her skeletal head with its "eye pits" and full set of teeth. These are aggressive images, as if she wants to terrify her reader with the image of her death's head.

When we come to her describing herself as a "smiling" woman, we understand that smile as the grin of a skull, especially as she alludes to being thirty, which means she is ready for another suicide attempt. She says she has "nine times to die." She states that "this is Number Three" and refers to herself as "trash."

Other angry, aggressive and bitter words include "shoves" and "shrieks." The image of people, after her second suicide attempt, having to "pick the worms off me like sticky pearls" is an unpleasant image meant to assail and shock the reader. The image that ends the poem, "I eat men like air," is also angry and aggressive.

There is no mistaking this for a gentle nature poem or a poem about love and forgiveness. Plath is consumed with a burning fury and is lashing out with her words against the people who have objectified her. She is bitterly discussing her death.

Approved by eNotes Editorial
An illustration of the letter 'A' in a speech bubbles

This is a wonderful poem by Sylvia Plath, who is known for her controversial and frank writing.

"Lady Lazarus" is often seen as as having many parallels to Plath's own personality and life.  The speaker is sarcastic and bitter throughout the poem.  Related to this, then, is tone.

Tone is the "mood" or "feeling" of a poem and its words.  Just like tone of voice, writing also has tones that are made through the author's words.

Plath's tone in this poem is one of bitterness and revenge.  Her "Lady Lazarus" appears as several different people, including a stripper and a sideshow freak.  She is seeking revenge against a man, a father, whom she equates to a demon (eNotes).

Having taken up the battle with the enemy on his terms, she concludes by warning the male deity and demon that when she rises from the ashes, she consumes men as fire does oxygen. (eNotes)
Approved by eNotes Editorial
An illustration of the letter 'A' in a speech bubbles

Describe the energy conveyed in the poem "Lady Lazarus."

This is certainly a tremendous poem which owes its crackling energy in part to the way in which Plath combines a number of different techniques to make it appeal to our hearing. Consider the way in which Plath utilises a bewilidering array of end and internal rhymes, which are both exact and slant, combined with alliteration, repetition, consonance and assonance. Look at the following example:

Soon, soon, the flesh
The grave cave ate will be
At home on me

Note the internal rhyme in "grave cave" and the repetition of the vowel sound of "a" in the middle line and also the end rhyme of "be" and "me." It is the use of so many techniques combined with the gripping narrative that emerges in this poem that imbues it with such energy that drives us forward to the ending.

Approved by eNotes Editorial