Rudyard Kipling's novel The Jungle Book presents an argument against most of Charles Darwin's theories (and the book itself was published less than forty years after Darwin's The Origin of the Species).

Darwin's theories put forth the radical idea that there was no "moral" guiding force that governed the natural world. His theory stated that traits occurred randomly in organisms, these traits either helped or impeded an organism's ability to survive and procreate, and those traits that were present in organisms that procreated were passed on.

In the jungle depicted in the novel, however, the animals are explicitly governed by laws contrived by a sense of justice and morality. The wolves, monkeys, and elephants all live by laws, and all animals respect water sources as neutral territory. There is a civilized order to the way that they interact with the natural world and with each other.

This depiction directly contradicts what Darwin's theories suggested; that there is no moral or civilized order to the natural world other than the guiding force of the natural selection of traits that aid survival.