John Skelton remains a complex figure to categorize in literary history, challenging both temporal and stylistic boundaries. His work straddles the line between medieval traditions and the burgeoning ideas of the Renaissance, yet he cannot be easily defined by either. Skelton's poetry is rooted in his unique perspective, characterized by rich satirical elements and innovative use of language.

Skelton and the Humanists

Although Skelton is often labeled a Humanist scholar, his relationship with other Humanists was fraught with tension. While his contemporaries like Desiderius Erasmus focused on classical revivals, Skelton drew inspiration from medieval Latinists. Yet, like the Humanists, he expressed a keen interest in the human condition and the world around him.

The Medieval Influence: "The Bouge of Court"

"The Bouge of Court" exemplifies Skelton's adherence to medieval traditions with its use of rhyme royal and dream allegory, invoking celestial bodies in its prologue. The protagonist, Drede, embarks on a symbolic journey aboard the ship "The Bouge of Court," owned by Sans Peer and captained by Fortune. Here, he encounters personifications such as Danger and Desire, leading to conversations with embodiments of the seven deadly sins.

Harvy Hafter emerges as a particularly vivid character, a colorful embodiment of a confidence man, whose antics are described in lively detail:

But as I stood musing in my mind,
Harvy Hafter came leaping, light as lynde...

Ultimately, Drede's fear compels him to escape by jumping overboard, awakening from his dream to record his experiences.

Breaking from Tradition: Individuality in Allegory

Despite its medieval foundation, "The Bouge of Court" diverges from tradition through its distinct character portrayals. Skelton transcends typical allegorical figures, offering individualized characters defined by their speech and actions. His vivid settings and acute observations of court life provide a critical lens through which he examines societal norms, often highlighting the irony and chance inherent in the pursuit of royal favor.

Playfulness in "Philip Sparrow"

In "Philip Sparrow," Skelton's playful side shines through in Skeltonic verse. This poem, a whimsical lament for a pet bird, reveals Skelton's ability to blend fantasy with a satirical edge. Through Jane Scroop's voice, Skelton critiques and parodies literary traditions while celebrating the simple joys and sorrows of everyday life.

The poem is divided into three parts, beginning with Jane's monologue about her beloved sparrow, moving to a commendation of her character, and concluding with a defense against critics.

Exploring Realism: "The Tunning of Elinour Rumming"

"The Tunning of Elinour Rumming" captures the raw vitality of Tudor tavern life with unflinching realism. Skelton paints a vivid, if somewhat unflattering, picture of lower-class life, sparing no detail in his depiction of Elinour's establishment. Despite the coarse subject matter, Skelton's portrayal carries an undeniable energy and humor.

This poem's candid approach to its subject matter underscores Skelton's versatility and willingness to explore diverse themes and social classes.

Elusive Allegory: "Speak, Parrot"

"Speak, Parrot" is one of Skelton's most enigmatic works, characterized by its allegorical complexity. The poem is thought to be a compilation of pieces written at different times, possibly as a protective measure against accusations of treason. Skelton cloaks his criticisms in allegory, weaving references from the Book of Judges and employing a parrot as his narrative device.

The work's fragmented structure and use of gibberish add to its mystique, challenging readers to decipher its hidden meanings and political critiques.

Renouncing Tradition: "Colin Clout"

"Colin Clout" marks Skelton's break from medieval conventions, opting for direct social commentary through Skeltonic verse. Here, Skelton addresses church corruption and the intersection of religious and secular power, echoing Humanist calls for reform. By using Colin Clout as a narrator, Skelton offers...