Jabberwocky Themes

The main themes in "Jabberwocky" are fantasy versus reality and the heroic quest.

  • Fanstasy versus reality: Both the Jabberwock and the Bandersnatch are fantastical creatures that use language senselessly, spouting phrases devoid of meaning. Though their words often sound pleasant and musical, they lack substance. The speaker's son fights the Jabberwock with his "vorpal" ("voracious word") blade, effectively defeating fantastical nonsense with meaningful language.
  • The heroic quest: The hero is associated with goodness and sense, whereas the Jabberwock is associated with evil and nonsense. The battle between these two forces gives the poem an epic quality that pits good against evil. 

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The Heroic Quest

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Although it seems playful, "Jabberwocky" delves into a timeless theme that has been present in literature since antiquity, as seen in classic works like The Odyssey and Beowulf. This theme centers on the heroic quest, where a young man embarks on a journey into unfamiliar lands, faces a fearsome monster, and either triumphs over or is vanquished by this formidable foe. The concept of the heroic quest in literature originates from Greek, Roman, and early Christian myths. Notable examples include Jason and the Argonauts encountering various mythical beasts in their quest for the golden fleece, Oedipus defeating the menacing Sphinx to rescue Thebes, and David's battle with Goliath. The tradition of the heroic quest is prevalent in poetry, drama, and fiction, particularly resonating with young boys (such as Jack, the Giant Killer), who are expected to eventually embark on their own journeys and conquer their own challenges, both personal and external, to "prove" their manhood. Carroll's clever use of imaginative language in "Jabberwocky," combined with the heroic quest storyline, is a major reason why it remains one of the most cherished (if not the most cherished) examples of nonsense verse ever written.

After moving beyond the confusing yet charming opening stanza, readers encounter several elements typical of the heroic quest. These include fantastical and menacing creatures (the Jabberwock, the Jubjub bird, the Bandersnatch), ancient weaponry (the "vorpal sword"), a long journey into a dark forest where the hero faces the "manxome foe," and the inevitable return with the slain creature's head as proof of the heroic feat. In crafting "Jabberwocky," Carroll aimed to invoke legendary battles of the past, understanding that such thrilling tales resonate deeply with the young audience he skillfully cultivated.

Carroll is famously known for targeting much of his literary work towards young girls, whose company he notably favored over that of young boys. However, "Jabberwocky" is clearly directed more at young male readers, as it tackles the traditionally male-centric theme of the heroic quest. The lasting appeal of such archetypal content is evident today; one only needs to observe the enormous popularity of the Star Wars films among young boys to appreciate this. When "Jabberwocky" was published in Victorian England, young men were often expected—and even pressured by their fathers—to undertake some form of heroic quest, whether in service of queen and country or for personal or family honor. At that time, few questioned the perceived legitimacy of war and aggression when officially sanctioned, and fathers frequently encouraged their sons to pursue such ventures. As a result, the pressure to become a hero was deeply embedded in the Victorian public mindset. The greater the threat (like the Jabberwock with its "jaws that bite" and "claws that catch"), the greater the glory and paternal pride for the son.

Fantasy versus Reality

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One of the most striking features of "Jabberwocky" is Carroll's masterful blending of fantasy and reality. Throughout the poem, these realms are kept in close harmony due to Carroll’s careful attention to poetic structure. The risk with fantasy is that its meaning and coherence can be lost if the author creates a "wonderland" without any real-world references or employs nonsense words that confuse rather than clarify. By integrating unfamiliar terms like "borogoves" and "frabjous" with recognizable ones such as "sword" and "wood," Carroll accomplishes two goals. He captivates children's interest with playful sounds while subtly warning his young audience about the genuine dangers present in the world around them.

Another crucial aspect of this theme is how the poem’s fantasy elements cast an unsettling, even ominous, shadow on reality (“terror” firma?). As a logical thinker and advocate...

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for a rational, civilized society, Carroll might be suggesting in “Jabberwocky” that anything irrational (i.e., “uncivilized”) ought to be feared and avoided. The poem is filled with tangible representations of the irrational: the Jabberwock, the Jubjub bird, and the Bandersnatch. These chaotic creatures likely dwell far beyond the safe confines of civilization, as evidenced by the hero's long journey to face the fearsome Jabberwock. Carroll’s sparse descriptions of these creatures make them all the more mysterious and potentially frightening to young readers. Indeed, to members of Victorian society, who were obsessed with order and decorum, anything that couldn’t be classified and thus “controlled” would be perceived as a threat to the preferred social order.

This brings us to the poem’s ultimate irony. By naming the uncontrollable forces of nature (e.g., Jabberwock and Bandersnatch), Carroll is trying to impose some measure of control and order over an apparently irrational universe. Yet the names of these creatures are nonsense words, which are themselves manifestations of the irrational. Could Carroll be implying that the human mind, with its ability to engage in irrational acts like creating nonsense words, poses as much of a threat to order as any monstrous, red-eyed creature lurking in the dark forest? Perhaps, perhaps not. Nevertheless, if the poet’s aim is to use language to bring order to an apparently chaotic world, Carroll seems to be achieving this goal in “Jabberwocky,” even if the world portrayed in the poem is more fantastical than what we usually encounter in everyday life.

Deliberate Nonsense

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The concept of deliberate nonsense hinges on its intrinsic lack of meaning, yet paradoxically, it invites deeper exploration and interpretation. Lewis Carroll's meticulous dissection of his own whimsical poem's first stanza exemplifies this duality. While his satirical analysis of each word might appear comically thorough, it underscores the intentional absurdity he creates. Despite this, the poem's structure—consisting of five stanzas—unfolds a narrative with a discernible theme.

At its core, the poem narrates a young man's quest, a motif familiar in both historical romances and contemporary fantasy tales. This protagonist, akin to the archetypal knight errant, embarks on a journey equipped with the sage advice of his seasoned father. His mission is to confront a menacing dragon-like creature, a task he accomplishes with remarkable nonchalance. Upon his triumphant return, he is celebrated as a hero. Despite this seemingly conventional storyline, the interwoven nonsense words imbue the adventure with an air of the ridiculous, transforming the traditional quest into a fantastical escapade of folly.

Contagion of Meaninglessness

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The poem “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll demonstrates a unique interplay between meaning and meaninglessness, as its inventive language and curious structure challenge traditional literary forms. This contagion of meaninglessness is not limited to the poem’s playful neologisms; it spills over into questioning the conventions of the knightly quest as a narrative device and the established formality of lyric poetry as a medium for such tales. Carroll's subsequent work, the mock epic Hunting of the Snark, further explores this theme by expanding on the absurdity of futile quests, a reflection of the ideas sparked by “Jabberwocky.” In this later poem, Carroll acknowledges the influence of “Jabberwocky” through the incorporation of its key terms, deftly blended with new creations.

Interestingly, the influence is bidirectional. While the nonsensical vocabulary of “Jabberwocky” spreads across its narrative backdrop, leaving readers to interpret its whimsical words, the poem's underlying story imparts vitality to these words, hinting at meanings that are simultaneously evasive and evocative. This dynamic interaction compels readers to engage with the text in a way that transcends the superficial chaos of its language, inviting a deeper exploration of how meaning is constructed and deconstructed within a literary work.

Infusion of Meaning

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The transformative power of infusion is such that words can acquire vivid meanings from the contexts in which they are embedded. Take, for instance, the word "vorpal"—its precise definition may elude us, yet within the narrative, it becomes intrinsically tied to the "snicker-snackering" sword. This association cements its status as an adjective eternally linked to weapons. Even when words seem nonsensical, their integration into sentences and further into stories imparts a sense of meaning that defies claims of their meaninglessness. The magic of language lies in its ability to create significance where none seemed to exist before, imbuing even the most obscure terms with resonant purpose.

Authentic Nonsense

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The opening and closing stanzas of “Jabberwocky” deftly engage readers with their unique nonsense vocabulary, carefully steering clear of pairing these imaginative terms with common linguistic elements. This deliberate choice attempts to achieve a level of genuine nonsense, although even these sections are not immune to the structure imposed by grammar and meter. Unexpected meaning emerges from the peculiar statement that toves can possess slithiness, that they engage in synchronized gyring and gimbling, and that borogoves are inclined towards mimsiness. Furthermore, it seems that raths, particularly in their mome state, might exhibit an exceptional tendency to grabe.

Search for Meaning

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Alice finds herself intrigued yet puzzled by a poem she discovers inscribed in mirror-writing. She remarks, "it seems to fill my head with ideas—only I don’t exactly know what they are!" This captures the universal experience of encountering a text brimming with unfamiliar terms. Though initially bewildering, such an encounter is softened by the thrill of discovery. In her quest for understanding, Alice's curiosity is piqued by this enigmatic poem, titled "Jabberwocky." However, when she seeks clarification from Humpty Dumpty, his explanation proves to be as confounding as the poem itself, leaving her quest for meaning unresolved.

Hope and Anxiety in Language

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Language presents itself to us initially as an enigma, a chaotic jumble that we strive to decode. Yet amidst this bewildering array, there exists an inherent promise—the hope that we might uncover layers of meaning. This quest is not merely about deciphering the world and its unfolding stories but also about discovering our own significant roles within life’s grand narrative. However, this pursuit accompanies a shadow of anxiety, the unsettling possibility that despite our best efforts, the world may persist in its baffling incomprehensibility. This dread is compounded by the certainty that once the fleeting moments of clarity—the 'frabjous' days—are over, we shall be confronted once more with the confounding obscurity that preceded our self-realization, only to be followed by an ominous silence.

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