Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Criticism
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) was a pioneering Russian physiologist whose groundbreaking research on the conditioned reflex has had a profound impact on both physiology and behavioral psychology. Initially recognized for his work on mammalian digestion, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1904, Pavlov's experiments with canine salivation led to the development of his theory on conditioned reflexes. This theory demonstrated how dogs, when exposed to a neutral stimulus like a bell or light alongside regular feedings, could be conditioned to salivate in response to the stimulus alone, even in the absence of food. This work laid the foundation for understanding learned behaviors in both animals and humans.
Pavlov's academic journey began in Ryazan, Russia, and he later pursued studies in St. Petersburg, where he worked with notable physiologists and honed his surgical skills. His career was marked by significant contributions in areas such as blood circulation and higher nervous activity, and he served as an influential scientific administrator. Despite occasional criticisms of the Soviet regime, Pavlov was provided with a state-of-the-art laboratory by the government in recognition of his scientific achievements.
Pavlov's major works include The Work of the Digestive Glands and Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes, which document his research on digestive processes and conditioned behaviors, respectively. Through these texts, Pavlov illustrated the physiological underpinnings of psychological processes, making a distinction between innate and conditioned reflexes. As noted by Raymond E. Fancher, Pavlov's legacy continues to influence psychological and physiological research, although modern critiques have highlighted limitations and errors in his work.
Critical reception of Pavlov's theories has been varied. While his concept of the conditioned reflex has been influential, particularly in Russia, critics have pointed out flaws and limitations in his explanations of the underlying mechanisms. Edwin R. Guthrie and M. Wenger have each critiqued aspects of his theories, including the notion of internal inhibition. Despite these critiques, Pavlov remains a central figure in the history of behavioral science, as noted by critics who have documented his lasting impact on the field.
Contents
- Principal Works
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Essays
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Pavlov's Theory of Conditioning
(summary)
In the following essay, Guthrie offers a critique of Pavlov's theory of the conditioned reflex.
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A Criticism of Pavlov's Concept of Internal Inhibition
(summary)
In the following essay, Wenger points out a flaw in Pavlov's theory of conditioned response concerning the notion of 'internal inhibition.'
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Toward A Theory of Conditioning
(summary)
In the following essay, Irwin outlines Pavlov's general theory of conditioning, provides a critique, and presents an alternative interpretation of the subject.
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The Man of Science
(summary)
In the following excerpt, Shaw considers the absurdity of Pavlov's experiments as they reflect modern scientific practice.
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Stalin and the Uses of Psychology
(summary)
In the following essay, Tucker explores Soviet attempts to use Pavlovian theory in the creation of a policy for the controlled transformation of humanity.
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A review of Experimental Psychology, and Other Essays
(summary)
In the following review, Hoff investigates the limitations and likely abuses of Pavlovian theory.
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Pavlov and Darwin
(summary)
In the following essay, Gantt equates the importance of the scientific discoveries of Pavlov with those of Charles Darwin and surveys Pavlovian and post-Pavlovian research.
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Pavlov and Freud
(summary)
In the following review of Pavlov and Freud by Harry K. Wells, Bartlett cites Wells's failure to produce a satisfying materialist critique of Freud using Pavlovian theory.
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Psychology as the Science of Behavior: Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson
(summary)
In the following excerpt, Fancher surveys Pavlov's life, experiments, theories, and influence.
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Pavlov's Religious Orientation
(summary)
In the following essay, Windholz demonstrates that Pavlov, although a professed atheist, advocated the tolerance of religion as part of his theory of higher nervous activity.
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Pavlov's Physiology Factory
(summary)
In the following essay, Todes details the work produced in Pavlov's laboratory at the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine, analyzing Pavlov's scientific and managerial vision, as well as the forces and relations of production in the lab.
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Pavlov's Theory of Conditioning
(summary)
- Further Reading