House of Sand and Fog

by Andre Dubus

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Dubus brings to life five main characters, including members of an Iranian (Persian) expatriate family led by fifty-six-year-old Massoud Amir Behrani, a former colonel in Iran's Imperial Air Force. Behrani was a loyal and effective servant to Shahanshah Reza Pahlavi until the Shah's overthrow in 1979, which stripped away the privilege, power, and status of individuals like Colonel Behrani. To escape Iran, Behrani stole a transport plane and flew his family across the Persian Gulf to Bahrain, eventually making their way to France and then the United States. (Just the day before their escape, Behrani's commanding officer, General Pourat, and his family were captured by the revolutionary guard and executed one by one in the airport's baggage area.)

Upon arriving in the United States, Behrani had $280,000 in bank checks. Now, after four years, he works on a highway cleanup crew by day and at a convenience store by night, with only $48,000 left of his savings. Despite his experience in the Imperial Air Force as a purchasing officer for fighter jets, Behrani has been unable to secure the aerospace job he sought. His financial resources are dwindling. Longing for their former affluent lives in Iran, Behrani and his wife lived in costly rentals, the latest being a $3,000-per-month apartment in Berkeley. However, in his determination to ensure his family's prosperity, Behrani finds a newspaper ad about an auction for properties seized due to unpaid taxes. He sees this as an excellent chance to generate the income needed to provide for his wife and, crucially, to send his fourteen-year-old son to a prestigious university. Behrani believes that by buying these "distressed" properties, selling them quickly, and repeating the process, he can rebuild the family's wealth—a classic American dream.

Consequently, he attends the auction and purchases a property seized for unpaid taxes, sold by the San Mateo County Tax Office. Unbeknownst to Behrani, the sale results from a significant bureaucratic error and unfortunate mix-up. The tax office orders the eviction of the "previous owner," and Behrani rapidly moves his family into the property, adding a "widow's walk" to the house. His plan is to sell it quickly, double or triple his investment, and continue the cycle of buying and selling.

Massoud Behrani is known for his quick temper, which he usually manages to control, though not always. He keeps the true state of their finances and the nature of the two low-paying jobs he holds to sustain their costly Berkeley apartment a secret from his wife and son. His pride, temper, commitment to doing what he believes is right for his family, and his belief that a real man should keep his own counsel, all blend with the traits and situations of two other main characters, leading to an unavoidable and tragic outcome.

The house in question belongs to Kathy Nicolo Lazaro, a house cleaner who inherited it from her father. Her husband, Nick, a part-time bass player who needed to have complete control, left her eight months earlier. From the start, it's evident that the county tax office made a significant error by billing Kathy for unpaid taxes she supposedly owed for a business operated from their home. The tax office had the wrong address. This issue of bureaucratic incompetence and the ordinary person's struggle against such bureaucracy is a central theme throughout the novel, focusing on one of the most sensitive areas: one's home.

Kathy is evicted and has to move her belongings to storage and find a room in a rundown motel. She has a history of avoiding problems, using cocaine to escape her troubled relationships with her...

(This entire section contains 1328 words.)

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father and men in general. Although she is now "clean," the stress after her husband's departure leads her to ignore mail from the tax office. She becomes a heavy smoker and starts drinking. Her past indicates that while she is a responsible worker and strong in some respects, she struggles to develop effective plans to deal with her reality. She makes poor decisions, including assuming that her single visit to the tax office resolved the issue—she then discards all correspondence from them, missing notifications that the bill remained due (despite being incorrect) and that the house would be sold to settle the debt if unpaid. The state's power to legally, though mistakenly, dispossess someone is evident. It requires a strong, persistent, and knowledgeable person to fight such a bureaucratic system, and Kathy lacks the strength and education for this battle. Consequently, she finds herself homeless, a victim of her own failures, dependencies, faceless forces, incompetent bureaucrats, and the law.

The third individual who becomes significantly involved is Deputy Sheriff Lester Burdon, one of two deputies assisting with Kathy's eviction. He has a deep empathy for women who are battered or abandoned, a perspective he credits to his own experience of his father leaving his mother during his teenage years. The phrase "the sins of the fathers are visited upon the children" resonates here. Despite being married with two young children, Lester often lets his eyes wander and occasionally engages in extramarital affairs. Dubus chooses not to delve into Burdon's inner thoughts through introspective passages. Instead, the narrative occasionally seems to eavesdrop on his thoughts while observing him. Dubus presents Burdon through his actions and interactions with other characters. Through his words and deeds, he expresses a vague discontent with his marriage and his wife, Carol, who he feels has changed from the socially conscious activist he married in college. Most of what we learn about Lester's past is through the third-person narration, which details his struggles to "win his own fights" both as a child and as an adult. We also observe his conduct as a deputy sheriff, especially in response to domestic violence incidents.

As a result, Lester takes some personal time to help Kathy by finding a moving service, renting a storage unit, and moving her belongings out of the house. Kathy Lazaro's vulnerability in her situation evokes a strong sense of sympathy in him. Although Dubus does not explore Lester's internal thoughts, he does depict Lester offering advice that later proves to be dramatically ironic. While driving by Kathy's storage unit, which he helped her find, he checks on her, and they go for coffee. During their conversation, he gives her "professional advice," suggesting she "keep your head and do it [attempt to regain possession of your home] through your lawyer. . . . If I were you, I wouldn't even drive up there until the keys were back in my hand." His subsequent attempts to pressure Colonel Behrani into returning the house, which lead to the novel's tragic events, demonstrate how far he strays from his own advice when influenced by a potent mix of desire and compassion.

Lester's inherent qualities of kindness and empathy drive him into a romantic involvement with Kathy. Their intense connection is sparked by his need to assert his masculinity and her quest for respite from her grief, loss, and despair. They find themselves together in a motel, where their physical desire serves to fulfill a deep-seated need in both of them. However, the morning after, they admit to feeling disoriented and frightened. The reality of Kathy's eviction and Lester's decision to leave his family begins to weigh heavily on them. As a result, every decision they make becomes less logical and increasingly dictated by their emotional instincts and past experiences, ultimately leading to their ruin.

Lester's affection for Kathy, partly rooted in his compassion for mistreated and neglected women, compels him to leave his wife, children, and home, effectively abandoning his role as a law enforcement officer. Dubus clearly portrays Lester Burdon as a tragic character, a man of some responsibility and authority as a community policeman. His actions result in a complete reversal of his own life and the deaths of Colonel Behrani, his wife, and their son Esmail, all unforeseen consequences of Lester's efforts to solve Kathy's dilemma and fulfill his desire to protect and care for others, particularly women.

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