"A History of the Jews" by Paul Johnson is a compelling and insightful examination of Jewish history, written from the perspective of a Christian historian. Despite the existence of numerous monumental Jewish histories over the past century, Johnson's work stands out for its fresh insights and engaging narrative. The book effectively weaves together unifying themes and historical illustrations to offer a unique synthesis of the Jewish experience.

The Author's Motivation

Paul Johnson provides four personal reasons for embarking on this ambitious project. First, he recognizes the profound debt Christianity owes to Judaism and the absence of awareness among many Christians about the continued evolution of Jewish history and religion. Second, he is captivated by the drama and excitement inherent in the Jewish narrative. Third, he aims to explore the resilience of Jewish identity in the face of adversity and their significant impact on the world. Lastly, he views the Jewish experience as central to humanity's quest for meaning, purpose, and dignity.

A Unique Perspective

Johnson offers a distinctive outsider's perspective, combining his Christian background with a deep appreciation for Jewish history. His approach involves presenting the history of the world through the lens of the Jewish experience. Johnson's narrative is marked by its verve and intelligence, revealing a story of perseverance and dramatic transformation.

Seven Epochs of Jewish History

In his synthesis, Johnson divides Jewish history into seven major epochs: Israelites, Judaism, "Cathedocracy," Ghetto, Emancipation, Holocaust, and Zion. Each period reflects the incredible drama and resilience of the Jewish people. From ancient beginnings as a group of Semitic tribes, through the establishment of a kingdom, and the subsequent defeats and dispersals, Jews have continuously adapted and thrived, maintaining their unique identity.

Unifying Themes

Johnson skillfully identifies and interweaves themes that have shaped the Jewish experience. These include the invention of monotheism, the internalization of morality, and the refusal to worship man. Such characteristics have fostered a people devoted to law and morality while cultivating a critical and rational perspective. Johnson argues that Jews played a pivotal role in the "rationalization" of the world, contributing significantly to the development of social justice, equality, and progress.

Foundational Figures and Ideas

The story begins with Abraham's journey and covenant with God, emphasizing Jewish tenacity. Moses, the archetypical lawgiver, is central to the narrative, representing the giant leap in human history through the adoption of the Law. The Ten Commandments and the Torah established a portable religion and a comprehensive way of life.

Kingdoms and Prophets

With archaeological evidence, Johnson traces the Israelites' conquest of Palestine and the establishment of Jerusalem as the capital. The kingdom's creation introduced a tension between religion and state, a theme that persists in modern Israel. Following the fall of the first Jewish Commonwealth, prophecy emerged as a vital component, strengthening Jewish resolve and faith through adversity.

Engagement with Greek and Roman Cultures

As the Middle East fell under Greek and Roman influence, the Jews navigated these cultures while preserving their distinction. They accepted some classical ideas but drew a firm line between the human and divine, refusing to assimilate or worship other deities. This dual response, marked by reform and resistance, has defined Jewish interactions with host civilizations throughout history.

The Rise of Christianity

The Roman conquest and the rise of Christianity significantly impacted Jewish history. Johnson views Jesus as a universalist, yet the role of Paul of Tarsus as the founder of Christianity is more plausible. The ensuing Jewish catastrophes reinforced a return to traditional practices, with the Talmud and community life becoming pillars of Jewish identity.

Medieval Confrontations and Adaptations

During the Middle Ages, Jewish life...