He reneges on an arranged marriage to the French king's sister and marries his mistress, sparking conflict between England and France. In the Battle of Tewkesbury, Edward captures Margaret and assists in killing her son, driven by revenge rather than reconciliation. His actions reflect a self-serving nature, placing personal vendettas over the unification of his divided nation.

Edward inherits the title and claim to the throne from his father, Richard Plantagenet, and immediately exhibits opportunism by encouraging his father to defy his promise to King Henry. His characteristic lasciviousness and political opportunism lead to his controversial marriage to Lady Grey, resulting in political fallout.

Richard, Duke of Gloucester

Richard, Duke of Gloucester, another son of Richard Plantagenet, is bloodthirsty, ambitious, and unrepentantly proud of his malevolence. An admirer of Machiavelli and Judas Iscariot, Richard is introduced with the head of the Duke of Somerset on his sword. By the play's end, he murders King Henry VI in the Tower of London, pledging to use his evil nature to seize the throne. Richard’s physical deformities are mirrored by his moral ones, marking him as a villain who will stop at nothing to achieve his aims. His actions foreshadow his rise as the central antagonist in Richard III.

Richard's character is further developed in his soliloquy, where he blames his misshaped body for his ambitions and reveals his intentions to manipulate, deceive, and murder his way to power.

Edward, Prince of Wales

Edward, Prince of Wales, son of King Henry VI and Queen Margaret, shares his mother's decisiveness and courage, in stark contrast to his father's ineffectiveness. He joins his mother in opposing Richard Plantagenet and criticizes his father’s failure to secure the throne. In the Battle of Tewkesbury, Edward is captured and killed by the Yorkists, specifically by King Edward and his brothers, a brutal end highlighting the ferocity of the civil war.

Admired by Lancastrians for his bravery and likeness to his renowned grandfather, King Henry V, Edward's assertive nature earns him both respect and hatred, ultimately leading to his demise at the hands of the Yorks.

Aldermen

The Aldermen contribute to the play’s regal, martial, and bureaucratic atmosphere, providing a backdrop that highlights the main characters' actions and decisions.

Attendants

Like the Aldermen, the Attendants add to the regal and bureaucratic ambiance of the play, silently supporting the unfolding drama.

Bona (Lady Bona)

Lady Bona, sister-in-law to King Lewis XI of France, becomes embroiled in the political machinations when Warwick attempts to arrange her marriage to Edward IV. However, Edward's impromptu marriage to Lady Grey derails this plan, prompting Bona to seek revenge by allying with Margaret. Her hurt and desire for retribution underscore the theme of opportunistic alliances shifting based on personal grievances.

Bourbon

Bourbon, the high admiral of King Lewis XI, is present but silent in the stage directions. After Edward IV's snubbing of Lady Bona, King Lewis instructs Bourbon to send troops to support Margaret and Warwick, furthering the conflict against Edward.

Clarence (George, Duke of Clarence)

George, Duke of Clarence, is the younger brother of Edward IV and older brother to Gloucester. Initially loyal to his father and the Yorkist cause, Clarence's impatience with Edward's political decisions, such as his marriage to Lady Grey, leads him to support Margaret and Warwick temporarily. However, he ultimately returns to his brothers, participating in the brutal murder of Prince Edward. Clarence’s shifting loyalties foreshadow his tragic fate in Richard III, where he suffers the consequences of his earlier betrayal.

Clifford (Lord Clifford, formerly known as Young Clifford)

Consumed by vengeance after his father's death at the hands of York, Clifford becomes a relentless force against the Yorkists. He begins by murdering Rutland, York’s young son, and later taunts and executes York himself. Clifford's "butcher" reputation is cemented by his unyielding pursuit of retribution, ultimately leading to his death from an arrow wound. His demise leaves King Henry vulnerable, fulfilling a prophecy of vulnerability amidst the chaos of power struggles.

Edmund (Edmund, Earl of Rutland)

Edmund, the Earl of Rutland, is the youngest son of Richard Plantagenet, whose brutal murder by Clifford becomes a symbol of the civil war's indiscriminate cruelty. His death incites grief and vengeance, spurring further violence between the warring factions.

Edward (Edward, Earl of March, afterwards King Edward IV of England)

As the eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, Edward inherits not only the title of York but also the claim to the English throne upon his father's death. His opportunism and willingness to break oaths for power are central themes, as he encourages his father to disregard promises to King Henry. His later controversial marriage to Lady Grey ignites political instability, causing alliances to shift and sparking further conflict.

Edward (Prince Edward of Wales)

The heir of King Henry VI and Queen Margaret, Edward, Prince of Wales, is assertive and warlike, engaging in battles alongside his mother to regain his rightful inheritance. His bravery earns him admiration from Lancastrian supporters, yet he is criticized as a "malapert" figure resembling his mother. Ultimately, he is captured and killed by Yorkist forces, marking a violent end to his claims.

Elizabeth (Queen Elizabeth, formerly Lady Grey)

Originally Lady Grey, Elizabeth marries King Edward IV after a brief courtship, inciting political turmoil. Her marriage to Edward, in defiance of established diplomatic plans, alienates allies like Warwick and angers foreign connections such as Lady Bona and King Lewis. Her presence heralds further tension within the Yorkist camp, exacerbating existing disputes and foreshadowing future betrayals.

Exeter (Duke of Exeter)

A steadfast supporter of the Lancastrian cause, Exeter's loyalty to King Henry VI remains unwavering despite acknowledging York's stronger claim to the throne. He remains with Henry until the king’s final imprisonment, embodying the loyalty of Lancastrian adherents even in the face of defeat.

Father (who has killed his son)

This soldier’s tragic encounter with his son on the battlefield highlights the devastating personal losses wrought by civil war. His grief over killing his own son serves as a poignant reminder of the senseless destruction fostered by aristocratic conflicts, with King Henry lamenting the broader cost of war.

French King

See Lewis

George (afterwards George, Duke of Clarence)

See Clarence

Gloucester (Richard, Duke of Gloucester)

Richard of Gloucester is a son of York and a staunch defender of his father's claim to the throne. Known for his ruthless ambition, he displays a severed head as proof of his victory at the Battle of Saint Albons. After receiving the dukedom of Gloucester from his brother Edward, Richard covets the crown, planning to ascend through manipulation and murder. His malformed body is mirrored by his twisted ambitions, setting the stage for his villainous rise in Richard III.

Grey (Lady Grey, afterwards Queen Elizabeth)

See Elizabeth

Hastings (Lord Hastings)

A close ally of King Edward IV, Lord Hastings supports Edward against Warwick, defending Edward’s marriage to Elizabeth. After Warwick's defection, Hastings affirms his loyalty to Edward and assists in his escape from captivity, demonstrating steadfast allegiance throughout the shifting political landscape.

Henry (Henry, Earl of Richmond)

See Richmond

Henry (King Henry VI of England)

See King Henry VI

Huntsman

Responsible for guarding the captured King Edward, the Huntsman functions more as an attendant than a guard, easily persuaded to join Edward’s escape rather than face potential consequences for failing his duty.

Keepers

The Keepers are two gamekeepers who capture the disguised King Henry in the woods during his exile. Their recognition of Henry’s speech as regal despite his disguise emphasizes the fickleness of people’s loyalties, as they deliver him to King Edward.

Lady Bona

See Bona

Lady Grey (Lady Grey, afterwards Queen Elizabeth)

See Elizabeth

Lewis (King Lewis XI of France)

King Lewis XI of France, brother-in-law to Lady Bona, agrees initially to aid Margaret's cause against Edward IV. However, upon Warwick's arrival with a proposal for marriage between Edward and Bona, Lewis considers a new alliance. Once Edward snubs Bona by marrying Lady Grey, Lewis vows revenge and supports Margaret, showcasing the play’s theme of opportunistic oath-making.

Lieutenant (of the Tower)

This guard at the Tower of London oversees Henry VI’s imprisonment, requesting pardon for his role. After Henry is re-imprisoned, the Lieutenant is dismissed by Gloucester, who arrives to assassinate Henry, illustrating the perilous shifts in loyalty and power.

Margaret (Queen Margaret)

See Queen Margaret

Marquess of Montague

See Montague

Mayor (of Coventry)

The Mayor of Coventry accompanies Warwick, silent yet symbolizing the townsfolk’s role in the unfolding political drama, reflecting the shifting allegiances against King Edward.

Mayor (of York)

The Mayor of York locks the city gates against King Edward during Henry's brief reinstatement, only to be swayed by Edward’s assurances of loyalty. Once Edward declares himself king inside York, the Mayor does not object, illustrating the populace's pragmatic allegiance to power.

Messengers

Messengers, though often silent, convey crucial information regarding troop movements and battle outcomes to both Yorkist and Lancastrian factions. They serve as vital links in the communication chain during the civil unrest.

Montague (Marquess of Montague)

Warwick’s brother and a supporter of York, Montague stays loyal to the Yorkists until Edward's marriage to Lady Grey disrupts previous alliances. He joins Warwick and Margaret to oppose Edward but dies in battle, illustrating the fluctuating loyalties prevalent during the Wars of the Roses.

Montgomery (Sir John Montgomery)

A supporter of Edward IV, Montgomery arrives prepared to defend Edward’s claim, yet insists upon Edward proclaiming himself king before offering his aid. This scene underscores the necessity of strong leadership amidst the volatile shifts in power.

Mortimer (Sir Hugh Mortimer)

Sir Hugh Mortimer, an uncle and supporter of York, appears briefly without speaking. He perishes in battle alongside his brother, contributing to York’s defense and dying while aiding his nephew.

Mortimer (Sir John Mortimer)

Sir John Mortimer, brother to Sir Hugh, shares the same fate, demonstrating the collective familial sacrifice in support of York’s cause.

Nobleman

An unnamed nobleman informs King Edward of King Henry’s capture during an attempt to reenter England, showcasing the ongoing conflict’s reach and the imminent threat to Henry’s safety.

Norfolk (Duke of Norfolk)

Norfolk, a zealous Yorkist, offers his support to York and later to Edward, embodying unwavering loyalty despite the tumultuous political shifts.

Northumberland (Earl of Northumberland)

A committed Lancastrian, Northumberland reacts vehemently to Henry’s decision to entitle York, expressing the vengeful ethos pervasive in the play. Despite this, York’s vulnerability in the face of personal loss elicits Northumberland’s empathy, contrasting the cycle of retribution.

Oxford (Earl of Oxford)

A staunch Lancastrian, Oxford aids Margaret and Warwick in their campaigns, notably assisting the young Richmond's escape to safety. Captured and imprisoned, Oxford is later seen supporting Richmond, signaling his enduring loyalty to the Lancastrian cause.

Pembroke (Earl of Pembroke)

Pembroke, allied with Edward IV, is instructed to gather forces against Warwick, demonstrating the strategic mobilization necessary to maintain Yorkist power.

Plantagenet (Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York)

See Richard Plantagenet

Posts

These express messengers deliver critical news, such as Edward’s marriage to Lady Grey, which prompts Warwick’s defection and the formation of alliances against Edward. Their conveyance of challenges and battle developments underscores the play’s theme of swift and consequential shifts in loyalty.

Richard (afterwards Richard, Duke of Gloucester)

See Gloucester

Richard (Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York)

See Richard Plantagenet

Richmond (Henry, Earl of Richmond)

Richmond, a child under protection during the play, is later recognized by Henry as "England's hope." His future as a unifying king, realized in Richard III, is presaged by Henry’s accurate prediction, symbolizing the eventual resolution of the Wars of the Roses.

Rivers (Lord Rivers)

Queen Elizabeth's brother, Rivers, appears briefly to support her during Edward IV’s capture, fleeing to sanctuary. His role expands in Richard III, underlining his ongoing significance in the royal family’s fate.

Rutland (Edmund, Earl of Rutland)

The youngest son of Richard Plantagenet, Rutland becomes an early victim of the brutal conflict. His death at Clifford’s hands is a poignant indicator of the cycle of vengeance perpetuated by both sides.

Soldiers

The unnamed soldiers contribute to the martial atmosphere, reinforcing the backdrop of continuous warfare that defines the play.

Somerset (Duke of Somerset)

Initially loyal to Edward IV, Somerset joins Warwick against Edward after the king’s controversial marriage. He collaborates in securing Richmond’s safety but is captured and executed following his defection, a testament to the treacherous landscape of allegiance.

Somervile (Sir John Somervile)

Aligned with Warwick, Somervile provides intelligence on troop movements, witnessing the arrival of Edward’s forces and the shifting tides of battle, which underscores the unpredictability of the war.

Son (who has killed his father)

Another tragic figure, the son who unknowingly kills his father, exemplifies the profound personal tragedies caused by the civil war. His discovery and grief poignantly illustrate the senseless destruction inflicted on families, emphasizing the need for peace amidst nobility-driven conflicts.

Stafford (Lord Stafford)

Though silent, Stafford’s role alongside Pembroke in rallying forces for Edward IV highlights the strategic efforts to counteract rebellion and maintain Yorkist influence.

Stanley (Sir William Stanley)

Sir William Stanley aids in freeing Edward from captivity, aligning with Hastings and Gloucester, and showcasing the loyalty required during the tumultuous shifts in power among the nobility.

Tutor

The chaplain and tutor of young Rutland, the Tutor’s presence draws attention to Rutland’s vulnerability and youth, intensifying the horror of Clifford’s actions as he murders the child, highlighting the ruthless nature of vengeance.

Warwick (Earl of Warwick)

The Earl of Warwick, initially a staunch supporter of York, becomes a pivotal figure in the political chess of the Wars of the Roses. Warwick's influence as a "setter-up and puller-down of kings" is evident as he orchestrates alliances and marriages to consolidate power. His switch to Margaret's side following Edward's marriage to Lady Grey demonstrates his strategic, albeit ultimately fatal, attempts to control the throne. Warwick’s death marks the end of his impactful yet turbulent political maneuvers.

Watchmen

The Watchmen, tasked with guarding King Edward IV's tent, provide insight into the looming threat of conflict with Warwick. Their comedic ineptitude as guards, easily overcome by Warwick’s forces, adds a layer of irony to the high stakes of the unfolding battles.

Westmerland (Earl of Westmerland)

A supporter of Henry VI, Westmerland expresses his disgust at Henry’s ceding of the throne to York. His reaction exemplifies the discontent and division within the Lancastrian faction, further illustrating the pervasive theme of fractured loyalties.

York (Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York)

See Richard Plantagenet