death inHeart of Darkness.

Hay, Eloise Knapp. The Political Novels of Joseph Conrad. Chicago University Press, 1963, pp. 107-61. The author relates the political component of Heart of Darkness to its stylistic techniques.

Hewitt, Douglas. Conrad: A Reassessment. Bowes, 1952. Chapter 2 treats Heart of Darkness together with the other early tales that also have Marlow as their narrator.

Land, Stephen K. Paradox and Polarity in the Fiction of Joseph Conrad. St. Martin's Press, 1984. A 311-page book in which Stephen Land takes a critical look at several of Conrad's works, including Heart of Darkness and Nostromo. Land pays particular attention to an examination of the Conradian hero.

Meyer, Bernard. Joseph Conrad: A Psychoanalytic Biography. Princeton University Press, 1967, pp. 168-84. Chapter 9 deals with Heart of Darkness within the book's broader project of a psychoanalytic reading of the relation between Conrad's life and his fiction.

Parry, Benita. Conrad and Imperialism. Macmillan, 1983, pp. 20-39. The author develops an argument about Conrad's ambiguous relation to European colonialism. Chapter 2 treats Heart of Darkness directly.

Sherry, Norman. Conrad: The Critical Heritage. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973. A collection of contemporary reviews of Conrad's work. Contains ten reviews of Heart of Darkness.

Teets, Bruce E., and Helmut E. Gerber. Joseph Conrad: An Annotated Bibliography of Writings About Him. Northern Illinois University Press, 1971. An extremely useful bibliography of Conrad criticism, from contemporary reviews to later critical studies and articles.

Watts, Cedric. A Preface to Conrad. Longman, 1982. Explains the themes that recur in Conrad's work. More generally about Conrad's ideas than a reading of Heart of Darkness or any single work of his.

His first novels, Almayer's Folly (1895) and An Outcast of the Islands (1896), established Conrad as an observer of persons under stress, self-destructive aliens in a luxurious but decaying environment. The Nigger of the "Narcissus", the first of Conrad's novels of shipboard life, depicts a crew facing moral problems of conduct and struggling to survive during a storm at sea. Lord Jim, the foremost artistic work of his early phase, introduced Marlow, Conrad's famous narrator and alter-ego, and also introduced the author's experimentation with chronology, narrative, and symmetrical plotting.

In his later period, dating from publication of "The Secret Sharer" and Chance in 1913, Conrad garnered public appreciation with his novels Victory and The Shadow-Line (1917). Victory is a Dickensian examination of evil, idealism, and isolation. The Shadow-Line reverts to themes he had explored in "The Secret Sharer" and Lord Jim—the moral initiation into maturity.

The film Apocalypse, Now! (1979) translates Heart of Darkness to the military world of Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. Innovative and compelling, the film stirred considerable critical and public controversy. Four years in the making with a $30 million budget, the film received much publicity both before and after its release. Director Francis Ford Coppola, who had also produced The Godfather, treated his subject matter as art rather than focusing on the social injustices of the Vietnam War, which angered some people. Marlon Brando starred as Col. Walter E. Kurtz, Martin Sheen as Capt. Benjamin L. Willard, and Robert Duvall as Lt. Col. Kilgore. Capt. Willard's role—the Marlow of the movie—is to find and kill Kurtz.

• Directed by Nicolas Roeg, Heart of Darkness was adapted for television and broadcast on TNT in 1994. The film features Tim Roth as Marlow and John Malkovich as Kurtz, and is available on cassette from Turner Home Entertainment.
• The structure of Heart of Darkness was incorporated into Francis Ford Coppola's award-winning 1979 film Apocalypse Now, starring Marlon Brando and Martin Sheen. The insanities presented in the book as stemming from isolation in the African jungle are in the film transposed to the jungles of Vietnam. Available from Paramount Home Video.
• Two sound recordings of Heart of Darkness exist. Both are abridged and produced on two cassettes each. One was recorded by HarperCollins in 1969, is narrated by Anthony Quayle, and runs 91 minutes. The other is a 180-minute recording, published by Penguin-High Bridge audio in 1994, with narration by David Threlfall.

Baines, Jocelyn. Joseph Conrad: A Critical Biography. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1960. A useful biography of Conrad in political, social, and personal contexts.

Beacham, Walton, ed. Research Guide to Biography and Criticism. Washington, DC: Beacham Publishing, 1985. Ready-reference capsule of the best volumes in biography and literary criticism to 1985.

Guerard, Albert J. Conrad the Novelist. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966. A view of Conrad's place in literary history from 1875 to 1925.

Moser, Thomas. Joseph Conrad: Achievement and Decline. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957. A pioneering and still indispensable study of Conrad's fiction as the product of a psychologist, political observer, artist, and moralist.

Najder, Zdislaw. Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle. Translated by Halina Carroll- Najder. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1983. A major scholarly biography especially authoritative on Conrad's Polish years. It addresses how Conrad attempted to create his identity through literature.

Staley, Thomas F., ed. Dictionary of Literary Biography.Vol. 34. Detroit: Gale Research, 1985. Contains a good general introduction works, life and times. to Conrad's

Teets, Bruce E., and Helmut E. Gerber. Joseph Conrad: An Annotated Bibliography of Writings About Him. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1971. Contains nearly two thousand entries on Conrad dated between 1895 and 1966.

Watt, Ian. Conrad in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. An outstanding analysis of Conrad's early fiction to 1900.

Watts, Cedric. A Preface to Conrad. London: Longman's Green, 1982. A firstrate introduction for newcomers to Conrad.